双语 | UNDP白雅婷、UNWomen安思齐联合署名文章：改变世界的科研“她”力量

本文英文版首发于《中国日报》，作者联合国开发计划署驻华代表白雅婷、联合国妇女署驻中国代表安思齐。

The English version was oriiginally published on China Daily. The authors are Beate Trankmann, UNDP Resident Representative in China, and Smriti Aryal, UN Women Country Representative in China. 

从气候变化、能源危机到2019新型冠状病毒病，应对这些全球挑战，离不开科学的指引。然而，我们在寻找应对方案时，却仍将“能占半边天”的女性的智慧排除在外。 

From climate change to the energy crisis to COVID-19, the answers to our most universal challenges lie in science. Yet in seeking them, we still exclude the brainpower of half the world: women and girls.

在全球，工程专业毕业生中女性仅占28%，比例不到全球科研人员的三分之一，而诺贝尔科学奖获奖者中也仅有3%为女性。在中国，中国科学院和中国工程院院士仅有7%为女性。科学领域女性占比严重不足，不仅可能导致性别偏见和不平等在新技术中延续，同时还将造成全球科学、技术、工程和数学（STEM）领域专业知识和人才短缺的局面，带来社会难以承受的后果。因此，要创建一个真正包容所有人的未来，就必须确保女性能够充分、平等地参与科学。 

Just 28 percent of engineering graduates, one-third of scientific researchers worldwide and 3 percent of Nobel laureates are women. At the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering, only 7 percent of academics are women. Such imbalances not only risk replicating gender biases and inequalities in new technologies, but also lead to expertise and talent shortages across science, technology, engineering and mathematics globally that society can ill afford. For a future that truly includes everyone, women and girls must be able to participate in science fully and equally.

2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者屠呦呦在实验室进行研究（供图：新华社）

女性参与科学将产生巨大的效益，有助于人类发展取得突破。例如，屠呦呦博士凭借发现治疗疟疾的青蒿素，在2015年成为了中国第一位诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主。屠哟哟说：“每一位科学家都梦想为世界做出贡献。”当更多女性成为科学家时，就有更多人为世界做出贡献。 

When they do, the rewards are high. Take Tu Youyou, who became the first Chinese Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine in 2015, decades after discovering the malaria treatment, artimisinin. “Every scientist dreams of doing something that can help the world,” she said. When more women become scientists, more people are able to do so.

在中国，女性为科学作出的贡献显而易见。比如，超过半数的专利申请者为女性，超过一半的中国互联网公司创始人也是女性。周群飞女士曾是一名外出务工人员，后来，她创立了手机玻璃屏生产商蓝思科技，成为科技领域最富有的女性之一。 

This is clear in China, where over half of all patent applicants are now women. Women are also building more than half the country's internet companies,like Zhou Qunfei, a migrant worker who later founded touchscreen manufacturer, Lens Technology, becoming one of the wealthiest women in tech.

尽管国内外女性为科学事业做出了卓越贡献，在第四次工业革命中，她们仍然面临“掉队”的风险。据估计，在清洁能源等绿色经济新兴部门，80%的新增高薪就业岗位将集中在目前由男性主导的领域。这意味着如果我们不支持女性进入科学领域，未来技术将忽视女性需求、缺乏女性视角。

Yet despite making invaluable STEM contributions in China and beyond, women risk being left behind in the fourth industrial revolution. An estimated 80 percent of high-paid jobs created in new green economy sectors, including clean energy, will be in STEM fields dominated by men. This means women and girls could be overlooked and underrepresented in future technologies —— unless they are supported in STEM today.

距离实现可持续发展目标（SDGs）并为所有人创建和平、繁荣、可持续的未来的时间还剩八年，因此，确保女性充分参与科学、扩充创新人才储备，比以往任何时候都要紧迫。 

With just eight years to realize the Sustainable Development Goals and a peaceful, prosperous future for all, that our planet can sustain, expanding our pool of innovators and experts, by including women fully, is more urgent than ever.

实现这一目标有以下四个关键步骤：

Four steps are vital to achieve this.

首先，阻碍女性参与科学的刻板印象和性别偏见必须得到改变。微软的一项研究显示，在欧洲，女孩从11岁左右开始对STEM学科产生兴趣，但在15岁时兴趣消退，影响她们未能进入STEM领域的很多是社会因素。即便能力够格，女性在科学领域承担领导角色的比例仍然不足，获聘的几率也低于男性。《自然》杂志刊登的文章显示，中国有三分之二的女科学家在初次求职时遇到了只聘用男性的雇主。 要消除性别屏障，必须在职场各层级都采用性别配额制，防止歧视性招聘行为的发生。同时要加强学校、企业的性别平等教育，家庭、企业需为女性与女孩提供有利环境，让赋能女性蔚然成风。

First, gender stereotypes and biases holding women and girls back in science must be changed. Microsoft reported that girls in Europe become interested in STEM around the age of 11, but lose interest by 15, suggesting social influences redirect them. Women are also underrepresented in STEM leadership, as well as less likely to be recruited, despite being qualified. 32 percent of Chinese women scientists encountered employers who only sought out men during their first job searches, according to Nature. To fix this, gender quotas should be applied at all levels to safeguard against discriminatory hiring practices. Gender equality education should also be strengthened, from classrooms to corporations, while a supportive environment for women and girls must be created within families and by employers, to encourage more empowering norms.

第二，消除科学领域的结构性不平等至关重要。与男性相比，女性科研人员获得的资金、资源与机会往往更少，离开科研领域的时间更早。全球范围内，超过三分之一的女性在第一个孩子出生后辞去全职STEM工作。在中国情况也是如此，但有四分之三因育儿需求辞职的女性表示，如果能够获得相应的托儿服务，她们将有更多机会重返职场。因此，在支持女性进入科学领域的同时，还需创建包容环境让她们“留下来”。研究机构、企业、政府以及所有利益相关方都应不断制定家庭友好型政策，加大投资力度，包括完善育儿设施及服务、设立陪产假、实行弹性工作制等。

Second, removing structural inequalities in scientific fields is essential. Female researchers tend to be awarded less funding, have fewer resources and opportunities, while leaving careers earlier than male colleagues. Globally, more than one-third of women left full-time STEM careers after their first child. This also happens in China —— but three-quarters of those who left said they would return, if sufficient childcare was available. So along with supporting women and girls entering STEM, an inclusive environment is needed to retain them.Research institutions, employers, governments and all stakeholders must increase family-friendly policies and investments, including childcare facilities and services, paternity leave and flexible working arrangements.

结构性改革非一朝一夕之事，但为女性制定专门措施能提供见效更快的解决方案。例如，女性承担在家庭中往往承担着绝大部分的育儿责任，而照料儿童等于给事业按下了“暂停键”，因此，拓宽女性的科研基金申请时的年龄上限有助于赋能女性。2011年，中国国家自然科学基金委员会（NSFC）将申请青年科学家基金的女性年龄限制从35岁提高到40岁，这一举措使得一年内获得青年科学家基金的女性比例从33%提高到43%。中国国家自然科学基金委员会还与科技部（MoST）合作，提升评审小组中女科学家比例，并倡议在其他条件相同的情况下优先考虑女性申请人。 在已有工作的基础上，2021年，科技部、全国妇联会同11家部门联合制定了《关于支持女性科技人才在科技创新中发挥更大作用的若干措施》，促进全国范围内支持女性科研人员的行动。

While structural changes take time, special measures for women offer more immediate solutions. For example, given that raising children requires extended leave- a responsibility falling disproportionately on women —— allowing female researchers longer to secure funding can help. In 2011, the National Natural Science Foundation of China lifted its grant age limit for women from 35 to 40, boosting the percentage of women winning grants from a major fund for young scientists from 33 to 43 percent in one year. Along with the Ministry of Science and Technology, NSFC also raised the number of female scientists on review panels and recommended female applicants be prioritized, when all else was equal. Building on past efforts, in 2021, MoST, along with the All-China Women's Federation and 11 other departments, also launched Measures on Supporting Female Talents in Playing a more Prominent Role in Science and Technology, facilitating nationwide action.

2022年9月22日，“科研中的‘她’力量”政策对话举办

第三，无偿照料和家务劳动不仅影响女性的职业发展，还可能迫使其离开职场。在《自然》杂志调查的已婚女性科学家中，30％的女性表示其承担了大部分家务，而男性的这一比例仅为6%。2019冠状病毒病大流行更是加剧了这一不平等现象。2019年和2020年的对比数据显示，作为儿童主要照料者的女性科学家用于科研的时间减少了17%。相较于男性，女性学者产出的论文、负责的项目不断减少。社会不应将女性的无偿劳动视为理所应当，而应将照料儿童的公共支出视为社会投资，共同承担照料的费用。照料工作及家务劳动应当得到认可，同时也应在男女性之间重新分配。

Third, unpaid care and domestic work has forced women to quit or slow their careers. Among married women scientists surveyed by Nature, 30 percent reported doing most housework, versus only 6 percent of men. The pandemic has deepened this divide. Comparative data for 2019 and 2020 suggests women scientists as primary caregivers for children experienced a 17 percent research time decline. Female academics are posting fewer preprints and starting fewer projects than male peers. Instead of free riding on women's unpaid work, society should collectively assume the costs, by recasting public spending on care as a social investment. Care and domestic work deserves recognition. It must also be redistributed between men and women.

所以，延长陪产假有助于重新分配男女参与育儿的比例。例如，挪威在1993年实施四周全薪陪产假政策后，同年休陪产假的男性比例就从4%上升至39%，目前，挪威逐渐将陪产假延长至15周，休陪产假的男性比例进一步上升至89%。 在中国，中央层面并未出台陪产假相关的法律法规，尽管有些省份规定了长达30天的陪产假，仍需有更多举措促进男女共同分担育儿工作。

Increased paternity leave is one way to encourage this. For example, the proportion of men taking paternity leave increased from 4 percent to 39 percent when Norway introduced 4-weeks of full payment paternity leave in 1993 and further increased to 89 percent as Norway gradually extended paternity leave entitlements to now 15 weeks. In China, there are no regulations or legislation at the central level regarding paternity leave, and while in some provinces, men are entitled to as many as 30 days of paternity leave, more will need to be done to rebalance the burden of care.

最后，应大力宣传杰出女性科学家榜样，并让她们激励、指引年轻一代的女性。研究表明，没有导师的女性科研人员的职业乐观程度最低。激发年轻女性的科研兴趣，并安排导师指导其职业生涯发展，至关重要。导师制还有助于女性科研工作者建立人际网络，为她们的职业发展注入重要的社会资本。

Last, outstanding women scientists must be promoted as role models and mentor younger women. Research reveals that women without mentors report the lowest career optimism. Women and girls should be supported early on to take interest in science and be guided in their careers. This can also build networks and connections —— social capital crucial to their career advancement.

白雅婷（右）、安斯齐（左）参加“科研中的‘她’力量”政策对话

实现STEM领域的性别平等不仅有助于加快科技发展，促进世界更加包容，而且有着商业意义：麦肯锡公司的数据显示，董事会性别更加多元化的公司，在财务上的表现优于其他公司25%。实现性别平等将惠及所有人，也有赖于所有人——父母、配偶、机构、企业、高校等等。 因此，联合国开发计划署（UNDP）、联合国妇女署（UNWomen）及整个联合国系统坚持与多方合作，助力更多女性进入STEM领域。

Equality in STEM would enable faster scientific advances and a more inclusive world. It also makes business sense: organizations with gender-diverse executive boards outperform financially by 25 percent, according to McKinsey.Achieving equality not only benefits everyone, but also depends on everyone —— parents, spouses, institutions, employers and universities. That is why UNDP, UN Women and the entire UN system partner with all involved to elevate women in STEM.

从居里夫人到屠哟哟，历史告诉我们，许多人类发展取得的巨大飞跃，离不开女性在科学领域做出贡献。无数的女性都具有在科学领域作出更多、更大贡献的潜能，我们要充分鼓励女性参与科学，帮助她们获取更多资源，为其营造有利环境和职业发展。解锁女性的潜力，其意义不仅在于实现性别平等，更重要的是，能让我们意识到，平等惠及的所有人。 

History shows the incredible leaps humanity makes when women step forward in science —— from Marie Curie, to Tu Youyou. Such potential likely exists in countless woman and girls today, if they find the encouragement, resources and enabling environment to go forward. Unlocking this is about more than realizing gender equality; it is also about what equality can realize for us all.

人类的未来是否会更好？我们需要每一位科学家的力量。现在，是时候支持科研中的“她”力量了。 

With our future hanging by a thread, we need every science heroine we can get. The time to champion them is now.

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