东盟峰会|东盟的“印太展望”都说了啥？

6月23日，2019年东盟峰会在曼谷闭幕

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6月23日，第34次东盟峰会在泰国曼谷闭幕。此次会议的一大成果是通过了《东盟印度洋-太平洋展望》，要求东盟在印太地区发挥主导作用。 

据新加坡《联合早报》报道，此次峰会上，东盟领导人在会上同意合作推进区域经济和安全，以在中美紧张关系不断升温之际强化东盟的地位与应对能力。这份东盟“印太展望”文件，提出东盟本身对美国牵头的印太倡议的立场，阐述了东盟十个成员国在地区合作、安全和繁荣方面的共同立场。

报道称，23日发布的这份文件概述了东盟对改善互联互通、加快海上合作以及采用沿用已久的原则指导发展的愿景。这些原则包括法治和放弃以武力相威胁或使用武力。文件没有提到美国或中国。

为了便于读者更加详细地了解这份重要文件，《中国东盟报道》的记者从峰会的官网上获得了文件的英文版本，并请翻译将其译为中文，以飨读者。由于时间较紧，中文译文仅供参考，具体文本表达请参考后附的英文原文。

“东盟印度洋-太平洋展望”

一、背景和理由

1. 亚太地区和印度洋区域是几十年来世界上最具活力的区域之一，也是经济增长的中心。因此，这些区域持续经历地缘政治和地缘战略的转变。这些变化既带来了机遇，也带来了挑战。一方面，该区域的经济增长为减少贫困和提高数百万人的生活水平开辟了合作的可能性。另一方面，物质力量的崛起，即经济和军事力量，需要避免基于零和博弈的不信任、误判和行为模式的加深。

2. 东南亚处于这些动态区域的中心，是通往这些区域的重要通道和门户。因此，东盟的利益在于领导其经济和安全结构的形成，并确保这种动态将继续为东南亚以及更广泛的亚太和印度洋区域或印度洋-太平洋各国人民带来和平、安全、稳定和繁荣。

3. 东盟几十年来一直致力于发展包容各方的区域架构，需要不断发挥集体领导作用，形成和塑造印度洋-太平洋更密切合作的愿景，并继续保持其在东南亚及其周边区域不断演变的区域架构中的核心作用。东盟还需要在利益竞争的战略环境中继续充当诚实的中间人。

4. 在此背景下，东盟领导人同意进一步讨论一项加强以东盟为中心的区域架构的倡议，即东盟印度洋-太平洋展望。这一展望的目的不是建立新的机制或取代现有的机制；相反，它的目的是加强东盟的共同体建设进程，并加强现有的东盟主导机制并为其提供新的动力，以更好地应对当前和未来区域和全球环境带来的挑战和机遇。此外，“展望”打算在想法和建议方面具有包容性。

5. 东盟的印度洋-太平洋展望，是将东盟的中心地位设想为促进印-太区域合作的基本原则，与诸如东亚首脑会议这样由东盟牵头的机制一起，在保留其形式的同时，作为对话和执行印太平洋合作的平台。此外，东盟还可酌情寻求与亚太地区和印度洋区域的其他区域和次区域机制就共同关心的具体领域开展合作，以补充相关举措。

二、东盟对印度洋–太平洋的展望

6. 根据东盟几十年来在发展和塑造东南亚及其他地区区域架构方面的作用，以及“东盟宪章”和其他东盟相关文件所载的东盟规范和原则，东盟设想的东盟印-太展望包括以下关键内容：

• 将亚太地区和印度洋区域视为一个高度一体化和相互关联的区域，不是连续的领土空间，而是一个紧密结合和相互联系的区域，东盟发挥着核心和战略作用；

• 一个对话与合作而不是竞争的印-太区域；

• 一个人人享有发展和繁荣的印-太区域；

• 海洋领域和观点在不断演变的区域架构中的重要性。

三、目标 

7. 从鼓励进展的角度来看，东盟的印-太展望应支持印-太区域当前的活力，并成为其压舱石。因此，它还应为现有的区域安排增加价值。所以，上述东盟印-太展望的目的是：(1)提供指导该区域合作的前景；(2)帮助促进有利于本区域和平、稳定与繁荣的环境，以应对共同挑战，维护以规则为基础的区域架构，并促进更密切的经济合作，从而加强信心和信任；(3)加强东盟共同体建设进程，进一步加强东盟牵头的机制，例如东亚峰会；(4)落实东盟其他优先合作领域，包括海事合作、连通性、可持续发展目标以及经济和其他可能的合作领域。

8. 东盟关于印度洋-太平洋的展望涉及进一步加强和优化东盟主导的机制，包括东亚首脑会议、东盟区域论坛、东盟国防部长扩大会议、扩大的东盟海洋论坛以及相关的东盟+1机制。

9. 东盟的印-太展望旨在为维护和平、自由和繁荣作出贡献。

四、原则

10. 东盟的印-太观基于以下原则：加强东盟的中心性、开放性、透明度、包容性、基于规则的框架、善治、尊重主权、不干涉、与现有合作框架互补、平等、相互尊重、互信、互利和尊重国际法，如《联合国宪章》、1982年“联合国海洋法公约”和其他相关的联合国条约和公约、“东盟宪章”和东盟各项条约和协定以及东亚国家联盟的互利关系原则(2011年)。

11. 认识到“东南亚友好与合作条约”(TAC)对该区域维持和平与稳定的持续40多年的重要性、相关性和积极贡献，东盟印-太展望将遵循TAC所载的宗旨和原则，其中包括和平解决争端、放弃武力威胁或使用武力以及促进法治，以期进一步促进印-太区域各国之间的友好与合作。

12. 同时，东盟的印-太展望将有助于形成在该区域建立战略信任和双赢合作的势头，东盟重申TAC的这些宗旨和原则，并通过一份适当的东盟文件等方式，促进这些宗旨和原则在整个印-太区域国家间关系中的应用，从而进一步加强该区域的战略信任和互利合作。

五、合作领域

13. 为了实现东盟印太平洋展望的关键要素，东盟将在广泛领域开展合作，包括：

海事合作 

14. 该区域各国面临的现有和正在出现的地缘政治挑战以海洋问题为中心，如有可能发生公开冲突的未决海洋争端。此外，不可持续地开采海洋资源和海洋污染也日益成为主要问题。需要以更有重点、更和平和更全面的方式预防、管理和最终解决这些问题。

15. 根据普遍公认的国际法原则，包括1982年“联合国海洋法公约”，海事合作领域可包括进一步加强：

• 为和平解决争端开展合作；促进海上安全和安保以及航行和飞越自由；打击跨国犯罪，包括贩运人口或非法药物、海盗、抢劫和海上持械抢劫船舶等。

• 合作促进海洋资源的可持续管理；继续促进海洋连通性；保护沿海社区的生计和支持小型渔业社区；发展蓝色经济和促进海洋商业等。

• 合作处理海洋污染、海平面上升、海洋废弃物、保护和保护海洋环境和生物多样性；促进绿色航运等。

• 海洋科学合作方面的技术合作；研究与开发；交流经验和最佳做法；能力建设；管理海洋危险；海洋废弃物；提高对海洋和海洋相关问题的认识等。

连通性

16. 第二个合作领域是连接联系。印度洋-太平洋区域现有和今后的连通性举措应补充和支持现有的“2025年东盟连通性总计划”。东盟关于连通性的愿景，即实现一个无缝、全面连接和一体化的区域，将促进竞争力、包容性和更大的共同体意识，以及第六届东亚东盟连通性首脑会议宣言应指导东盟关于印度洋-太平洋区域互联互通的展望。印度洋和太平洋国家之间日益一体化和相互联系，需要投资和努力建立连接基础设施，包括物质、制度和民间交流之间的联系。必须考虑到环境和生态的影响和因素，以确定这些举措的长期可持续性。

17. 连接性可包括:

• 探讨合作的关键优先领域，以加强现有的2025年千年发展计划，并促进印度洋-太平洋区域的繁荣与发展；

• 制定区域公私伙伴关系发展议程，为连通性项目，包括印度洋-太平洋区域的基础设施项目调动资源；

• 探讨与次区域框架的潜在协同增效作用，如IORA、BIMSTEC、BIMP-Eaga、湄公河次区域合作框架，包括亚洲气候变化监测中心等；

• 致力于建立东盟无缝天空，将东盟空域作为一个无缝的空域，采用协调和可互操作的程序和业务，以提高空中交通管理能力和效率，同时加强安全；

• 通过学术界和企业之间的合作、协作和交流，实现人与人之间的互联互通；以及通过东盟智能城市网络(ASCN)举措应对快速城市化的挑战。

联合国2030年可持续发展目标

18. 可持续发展目标的目标与“2025年东盟共同体愿景”以及EAS更广泛的愿景一致。这一在东盟印-太展望下实现可持续发展目标的共同目标将是该区域对国际社会的重大贡献。

19.实现可持续发展目标的活动可包括:

促进实现可持续发展目标，包括利用数字经济；

加强互补性，使区域发展议程与“2025年东盟共同体愿景”和“2030年联合国可持续发展议程”等可持续发展目标保持一致。

促进与东盟可持续发展研究和对话中心及该区域其他相关机构的合作。

20. 经济和其他可能的合作领域:

• 南南合作（包括南南三角合作/ SSTC）

• 贸易便利化和物流基础设施和服务

• 数字经济和跨境数据流的便利化

• 微型、中小型企业

• 科技研发与智能基础设施

• 气候变化与减少和管理灾害风险

• 活化老龄化与创新

• 深化经济一体化，确保金融稳定和复原力，并通过支持执行“2025年东盟经济共同体蓝图”和包括区域全面经济伙伴关系在内的其他自由贸易协定，加强和促进贸易和投资

• 开展合作，筹备第四次工业革命，包括促进分享关于如何受益于数字革命并应对其挑战的经验和专门知识

• 进一步探讨私营部门，包括微型、小型和中型企业的发展，使它们能够参与区域和全球价值链

六、机制

21. 东盟印度洋-太平洋展望为东盟在亚太地区和印度洋地区的参与提供了指南。

22. 展望还认识到与亚太和印度洋区域其他区域机制在共同感兴趣的问题上开展合作的潜力，方法是在东盟相关机制(如东亚峰会)的基础上采取创新、跨学科和互补的办法。

23. 可以在东盟主导的机制中就这一问题和实际合作活动进行战略讨论，其中包括东亚峰会、东盟+1机制、东盟区域论坛和东盟国防部长扩大会议。

（翻译：房易淇，译文仅供参考）

“ASEAN OUTLOOK ON THE INDO-PACIFIC”

I. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE

1. The Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions are amongst the most dynamic in the world as well as centers of economic growth for decades. As a result, these regions continue to experience geopolitical and geostrategic shifts. These shifts present opportunities as well as challenges. On the one hand, the economic growth of the region opens up possibilities of cooperation to alleviate poverty and elevate living standards of millions of people. On the other hand, the rise of material powers, i.e. economic and military, requires avoiding the deepening of mistrust, miscalculation, and patterns of behavior based on a zero-sum game.

2. Southeast Asia lies in the center of these dynamic regions and is a very important conduit and portal to the same. Therefore, it is in the interest of ASEAN to lead the shaping of their economic and security architecture and ensure that such dynamics will continue to bring about peace, security, stability and prosperity for the peoples in the Southeast Asia as well as in the wider Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions or the Indo-Pacific.

3. ASEAN, which for decades has been engaging in the development of an inclusive regional architecture, needs to consistently come up with its collective leadership in forging and shaping the vision for closer cooperation in the Indo-Pacific and to continue to maintain its central role in the evolving regional architecture in Southeast Asia and its surrounding regions. ASEAN also needs to continue being an honest broker within the strategic environment of competing interests.

4. Against this backdrop, ASEAN Leaders have agreed to further discuss an initiative that reinforces the ASEAN-centered regional architecture, namely, ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific. This Outlook is not aimed at creating new mechanisms or replacing existing ones; rather, it is an Outlook intended to enhance ASEAN’s Community building process and to strengthen and give new momentum for existing ASEAN-led mechanisms to better face challenges and seize opportunities arising from the current and future regional and global environments. Moreover, the Outlook is intended to be inclusive in terms of ideas and proposals.

5. ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific envisages ASEAN Centrality as the underlying principle for promoting cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region, with ASEAN-led mechanisms, such as the East Asia Summit (EAS), as platforms for dialogue and implementation of the Indo–Pacific cooperation, while preserving their formats. Furthermore, ASEAN may also seek to develop, where appropriate, cooperation with other regional and sub-regional mechanisms in the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions on specific areas of common interests to complement the relevant initiatives.

II. ASEAN OUTLOOK ON THE INDO-PACIFIC

6. Consistent with decades of ASEAN’s role in developing and shaping regional architectures in Southeast Asia and beyond, and with ASEAN’s norms and principles as contained in the ASEAN Charter and other relevant ASEAN documents, ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific envisioned by ASEAN consists of the following key elements:

• A perspective of viewing the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions, not as contiguous territorial spaces but as a closely integrated and interconnected region, with ASEAN playing a central and strategic role;

• An Indo-Pacific region of dialogue and cooperation instead of rivalry;

• An Indo-Pacific region of development and prosperity for all;

• The importance of the maritime domain and perspective in the evolving regional architecture.

III. OBJECTIVES

7. This ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific should support and provide ballast for the current dynamism in the Indo-Pacific region, which should be viewed from the perspective, of encouraging progress. As such, it should also provide added value to the existing regional arrangements. Therefore, the said ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific is aimed at: (1) offering an outlook to guide cooperation in the region; (2) helping to promote an enabling environment for peace, stability and prosperity in the region in addressing common challenges, upholding the rules-based regional architecture, and promoting closer economic cooperation, and thus strengthen confidence and trust; (3) enhancing ASEAN’s Community building process and further strengthening the existing ASEAN-led mechanisms, such as the EAS; and (4) implementing existing and exploring other ASEAN priority areas of cooperation, including maritime cooperation, connectivity, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and economic and other possible areas of cooperation.

8. ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific involves the further strengthening and optimization of ASEAN-led mechanisms, including the East Asia Summit (EAS), the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus (ADMM-Plus), the Expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum (EAMF) and others such as the relevant ASEAN Plus One mechanisms.

9. ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific is meant to contribute to the maintenance of peace, freedom, and prosperity.

IV. PRINCIPLES

10. ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific is based on the principles of strengthening ASEAN Centrality, openness, transparency, inclusivity, a rules-based framework, good governance, respect for sovereignty, non-intervention, complementarity with existing cooperation frameworks, equality, mutual respect, mutual trust, mutual benefit and respect for international law, such as UN Charter, the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, and

other relevant UN treaties and conventions, the ASEAN Charter and various ASEAN treaties and agreements and the EAS Principles for Mutually Beneficial Relations (2011).

11. Recognizing the continuing importance, relevance and positive contributions of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) to sustaining peace and stability in the region for over 40 years, ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific would be guided by the purposes and principles contained in the TAC, which, among others, encompass peaceful settlement of disputes, renunciation of the threat or use of force and promotion of rule of law, with a view to further promoting amity and cooperation among countries in the Indo-Pacific region.

12. ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific will, at the same time, help to generate momentum for building strategic trust and win-win cooperation in the region, which would be further reinforced by ASEAN reaffirming those purposes and principles of the TAC and promoting their application in the conduct of relations between states in a wider Indo-Pacific region, including through an appropriate ASEAN document.

V. AREAS OF COOPERATION

13. In order to realize the key elements of ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific, ASEAN will undertake cooperation in a broad range of areas, including:

Maritime Cooperation

14. The existing and arising geopolitical challenges facing countries in the region also revolve around maritime issues such as unresolved maritime disputes that have the potential for open conflict. In addition, unsustainable exploitation of maritime resources and maritime pollution have also increasingly become major problems. There is a need to prevent, manage and eventually resolve these issues in a more focused, peaceful and comprehensive way.

15. Areas of maritime cooperation, in accordance with universally recognised principles of international law including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, may include the further enhancement of:

• cooperation for peaceful settlement of disputes; promoting maritime safety and security, and freedom of navigation and overflight; addressing transnational crimes, including trafficking in persons or of illicit drugs, sea piracy, robbery and armed robbery against ships at sea; etc.

• cooperation for sustainable management of marine resources; to continue to promote maritime connectivity; to protect livelihood of coastal communities and to support small-scale fishing communities; to develop blue economy and to promote maritime commerce, etc.

• cooperation to address marine pollution, sea-level rise, marine debris, preservation and protection of the marine environment and biodiversity; promoting green shipping, etc.

• technical cooperation in marine science collaboration; research and development; sharing of experience and best practices, capacity-building, managing marine hazards, marine debris, raising awareness on marine and ocean-related issues, etc.

Connectivity

16. The second area of cooperation is connecting the connectivities. The existing and future connectivity initiatives in the Indo-Pacific region should complement and support the existing Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity (MPAC) 2025. The ASEAN vision on Connectivity, that is to achieve a seamlessly and comprehensively connected and integrated region that will promote competitiveness, inclusiveness, and a greater sense of community, as well as the Declaration on the 6th East Asia Summit on ASEAN Connectivity should guide the ASEAN outlook on connectivity in Indo-Pacific region. The increasing integration and interconnection among Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean countries require investments and efforts to build connectivity infrastructures, including physical, institutional and people-to-people linkages. Environmental and ecological impacts and considerations must be taken into account to ascertain the sustainability of such initiatives in the long term.

17. Connecting the connectivities may include:

• Exploring key priority area of cooperation to reinforce the existing MPAC 2025 and promote prosperity and development in the Indo-Pacific region;

• Developing a regional public-private partnership (PPP) development agenda to mobilize resources for connectivity projects, including infrastructure projects in Indo-Pacific region;

• Exploring potential synergies with sub-regional frameworks, such as, IORA, BIMSTEC, BIMP-EAGA, Mekong subregional cooperation frameworks, including ACMECS, etc.;

• Working towards the establishment of a Seamless ASEAN Sky, with ASEAN airspace as a seamless block of airspaces with harmonised and interoperable procedures and operations, to increase air traffic management capacity and efficiency while enhancing safety;

• People-to-people connectivity, through cooperation, collaboration and exchanges between the academe and business, etc.; and

• Addressing challenges of rapid urbanization through the ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN) initiative.

UN Sustainable Development Goals 2030

18. The SDGs targets are in line with those of the ASEAN Community Vision 2025 as well as the wider EAS vision. This common objective of realizing SDGs under ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific will be a major contribution of the region to the global community.

19. Activities to attain the SDGs may include:

• Contributing to achieving the SDGs including through the utilization of digital economy;

• Enhancing complementarities and aligning regional development agenda with the SDGs, such as the ASEAN Community Vision 2025 and the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development.; and

• Promoting cooperation with the ASEAN Center for Sustainable Development Studies and Dialogue and other relevant institutions in the region.

20. Economic and Other Possible Areas of Cooperation:

• South-South Cooperation (including South - South Triangular Cooperation /SSTC)

• Trade Facilitation and Logistics Infrastructure and Services

• Digital Economy and the facilitation of cross-border data flow

• Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

• Science, Technology Research and Development, and Smart Infrastructure

• Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

• Active ageing and innovation

• Deepening economic integration, ensuring financial stability and resilience, as well as strengthening and promoting trade and investment by supporting the implementation of the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025 and other free trade agreements including the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)

• Cooperation on preparing for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including by facilitating the sharing of experiences and expertise on ways to benefit from, and address challenges of, the digital revolution.

• Development of private sector, including Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, can also be further explored to enable their participation in the regional and global value chains.

VI. MECHANISM

21. ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific provides a guide for ASEAN’s engagement in the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions.

22. The Outlook also recognizes the potential for cooperation with other regional mechanisms in the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions on issues of common interests through innovative, inter-disciplinary and complementary approaches based on the relevant ASEAN-led mechanisms, such as the EAS.

23. Strategic discussions on this matter and practical cooperative activities can be pursued at ASEAN-led mechanisms including, among others, the EAS, the ASEAN Plus One mechanisms, ARF, and ADMM-Plus.

来源：微信公众号 中国东盟报道（ChinaReportASEAN）

本文仅代表作者观点，部分图片来自网络。

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