为什么中国要实施精准扶贫？| 中国为什么能

还记得上一期扶贫篇中出现的兰坪县吗？（请戳：《这是一份中国减贫成绩单》）

在这场脱贫攻坚战中，兰坪县已经取得了阶段性的成果，但距离2020年彻底摘帽脱贫仍有一定差距。

吾马普村是兰坪县的深度贫困村，自然条件恶劣，全村几乎没有经济来源。截止到2018年11月，吾马普村的贫困发生率为92.89%。过去的“补贴式”扶贫政策在这里几乎不起作用，所以需要更有针对性的扶贫措施。

精准扶贫，顾名思义就是针对贫困地区、贫困户的不同情况，对症下药，精准施策。

具体而言，中国的扶贫措施包括：易地搬迁扶贫、产业扶贫、教育扶贫、健康扶贫、生态扶贫、社会保障系统扶贫等。随着十项扶贫举措一一实施，预计到2019年年底农村贫困人口将减少1000万以上。

请点击上方视频，观看“中国为什么能”系列之“精准扶贫”篇。

China aims to eliminate poverty in the country by 2020. The government's targeted poverty alleviation measures in Lanping County in southwest China's Yunnan Province are a testament to how this will be done.

Deep in the southwestern mountainous region, resided mainly by the Bai and Pumi minorities, Lanping has been known as the most impoverished county in China. In Wumapu Village on the county's outskirts, signs of extreme poverty are hard to miss: shabby houses are falling apart; children have dirt on their faces and holes in their clothes.

The village is built on a steep terrain with 95 percent of its farmland unsuitable for agriculture. With an impoverishment rate of 92 percent and almost no source of income, life in Wumapu seems hopeless.

But it is precisely the kind of left-behind areas the Chinese government's targeted poverty alleviation work is focused on. And thanks to the local poverty alleviation program, Wumapu residents' lives are about to change.

A targeted approach is needed to address poverty in hard-to-reach areas, said Xu Jin, a professor at the China Institute for South-South Cooperation in Agriculture at China Agricultural University.

  易地扶贫搬迁  

自2016年起，中国开始实施易地扶贫搬迁工程，这也是脱贫攻坚的“头号工程”。

截止到2018年底，中国完成了870万人的搬迁建设任务。

The first step is getting the villagers out. Yu Sanhua, an elderly villager from Wumapu, will be resettled in a nearby town in two months.

In Tu'e, where Yu's new home is under construction, new apartment buildings are rising one after another to house the incoming relocated population. The resettlement site is concrete evidence of the government's effort to raise the villagers' living conditions.

"Taking a bath was rare in our village, and now it's easy," said Hu Yan, a relocated villager. Sitting in her spacious living room, she beamed, "We can enjoy the new houses provided by the state without spending a cent."

Across Lanping, the government plans to relocate a total of 44,000 people by 2022. Nationwide, 8.7 million impoverished people had been relocated as of the end of 2018.

  产业扶贫  

发展产业是中国实现脱贫的根本之策。以兰坪县为例，当地的电子商务服务站覆盖了兰坪县34个贫困村，电子商务交易额1.6亿元。

除了电商扶贫外，在产业扶贫项目上，兰坪有247个企业与合作社与农户建立了合作，带动5万多贫困人口的就业。

“万企帮万村”也是精准扶贫的项目之一，旨在鼓励引导广大企业加入到扶贫前线中，以自身发展拉动贫困地区的发展。

Relocation is only the beginning. How to sustain the people's well-being in the long term is a bigger question.

The next step is poverty elimination. The Chinese government sees industrial development as the key to achieving this goal.

One way to do this is by connecting businesses to workers. A new program called "10,000 Enterprises Helping 10,000 Villages" encourages companies to set up factories that provide jobs for relocated residents.

"The government will help a poor village, a poor county to develop a certain kind of special industry that's suitable for this local area," Xu said.

Lanping residents have benefited from China's e-commerce boom by selling produce online, while allowing the logistics industry to utilize the local labor force.

The 295 online shops in Lanping have indirectly helped more than 3,800 households increase their income. The county's success in e-commerce-assisted poverty alleviation sets an example for similar initiatives elsewhere in the country.

According to Lanping County's Poverty Alleviation Office, between 2013 and 2019, industry-assisted poverty alleviation projects saw 247 businesses and co-ops collaborating with farmers and 53,205 impoverished individuals becoming employed.

  未来脱贫靠教育    

产业上的精准扶贫政策所起作用仍然有限，如何解决下一代人的贫困更值得深思。

世界银行发布的数据表明，如果人们接受义务教育的年数再增加三年，那么贫困率就会下降7%。

中国自2004年开始实行“雨露计划”，既是劳动力转移培训，也是教育的一部分。有数据显示，截止到2010年，中国通过“雨露计划”培训了400万贫困民众，有80%的人通过培训得到了工作。

扶贫必扶智，让贫困地区的孩子们接受良好教育，是扶贫开发的重要任务，也是阻断贫困代际传递的重要途径。

However, the industry-based poverty alleviation measures can only provide relief for the current generation. For future generations, experts believe education has a major role to play.

If you increase the number of years that people get mandatory education by three, the rate of the incidence of poverty will drop by seven percent," said Hannah Ryder, former head of policy and partnerships at the UN Development Program in China.

Offering good education to children in impoverished areas is vital to prevent poverty from being passed down from one generation to the next. In recent years, the Chinese government has continued to strengthen its investment in education in impoverished rural and ethnic minority regions. The country has basically accomplished the goal of zero dropout rate due to family financial difficulties.

"This (education-based poverty alleviation) is a huge project for China," said He Jintao, an English teacher at Lanping No.1 Middle School.

As part of an educational assistance program, He came to teach in Lanping along with six others, all from Zhuhai, to help narrow the gap in educational resources between the affluent coastal and poor rural regions. "I want to give my students the wings to fly so they can create a hopeful future," he said.

In addition to relocation, industry- and education-based measures, Lanping County has also been working on health and ecological-based poverty alleviation measures to achieve an all-round success.