图解｜新冠病毒的医学研究进展如何？

新冠肺炎疫情在全球蔓延，多国拉响警报，这是一场人类与病毒的较量。国际组织、各国政府以及相关机构正携手共同战“疫”，在科研攻关、临床治疗等领域加强合作，与病毒“赛跑”。

最初，科研人员从溯源新冠病毒源头、阻断病毒传播方式等方面加紧研究。随着全球确诊病例不断攀升，科研工作的当务之急是迅速识别和救治患者，以遏制疫情蔓延。

Global research work on the novel coronavirus ranges from identifying the virus to modes of transmission and to treatment. The studies in those fields have all made breakthroughs.

At the early stage, scientists were focused on finding out where the virus (SARS-CoV-2) came from and how it was transmitted to humans.

Now the immediate priorities of research are focused on quickly identifying sick people and treating infected patients in order to curtail this outbreak as the global confirmed cases keep increasing.

>>>新冠病毒长啥样？从哪来？

一起来看看新冠病毒在显微镜下的图像，以及对病毒研究的主要时间线↓

>>>传播途径有哪些？

人际间的传播途径主要为飞沫传播和密切接触传播。是否还有其他传播途径，这一直是科研人员关心的热点问题。

经研究发现，在相对封闭的环境中长时间暴露于高浓度气溶胶情况下，存在经气溶胶传播的可能；新版诊疗方案明确，在粪便及尿中可分离到新型冠状病毒，应注意粪便及尿造成气溶胶或接触传播；还有研究报告显示，科研团队在眼泪及结膜分泌物中发现新冠病毒。

The main route of human-to-human transmission is respiratory droplets and close contact.

And there is the possibility of aerosol transmission when exposed to high concentration aerosol for a long time in a relatively closed environment.

Attention is also be paid to aerosol or contact transmission from feces and urine as new coronaviruses have been isolated here.

Regarding the latest findings on modes of transmission, Chinese researchers found that the novel coronavirus can be found in tears and conjunctive secretions, according to a study published on February 26.

此外，研究发现，无症状感染者携带的病毒与轻症患者相似，因而无症状传播使得防控形势更加严峻复杂。

Furthermore, asymptomatic transmission complicates scientific efforts to detect cases and to curb transmission.

A study published on February 19 indicates the asymptomatic infected carry the virus in similar to infected people with mild symptoms, after tracking and analyzing the viral load of 18 patients in Zhuhai City, south China's Guangdong Province.

>>>如何检测新冠病毒？

新冠肺炎诊断标准基于实时荧光RT-PCR检测新型冠状病毒核酸阳性。为应对疫情，多款新冠病毒快速检测试剂盒已通过国家药监局应急审批。

The diagnosis of 2019-nCoV has been dependent on the positive result in real-time fluorescence RT-PCR detection of novel coronavirus nucleic acid. The shortage and long test time has pushed global researchers to develop more accurate and efficient test kits.

In response to the outbreak, China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) has adopted fast-track review and approval procedure for COVID-19 diagnostic kits.

以下是部分新研制的试剂盒↓

>>>如何治疗新冠肺炎？

截至3月15日24时，据31个省（自治区、直辖市）和新疆生产建设兵团报告，累计治愈出院病例67749例。

普通治疗将充分利用现有药物，全球正加紧研发新冠病毒疫苗和治疗药物。

On Sunday, Chinese health authorities said 838 patients were discharged from hospitals, bringing the total number of recovered cases to 67,749.

The general treatment method is making the most of existing medicine and is targeted at controlling early symptoms.

The R&D on new coronavirus treatment mainly covers the trials of existing medicine and vaccine development.

目前尚无获得许可的新冠肺炎的有效治疗方法或疫苗，不过许多治疗药物正在进行临床试验，已研发出30多种疫苗，正处于临床前试验阶段。全球大规模临床试验也正在计划或实施中。

There are currently no proven therapies or vaccines for COVID-19, but dozens of potential options are under clinical trial and more than 30 vaccines have been developed and are in the pre-clinical trial stage.

A number of large-scale randomized trials are being planned and are ongoing both inside and outside of China. Epidemiological studies, as conducted by public health authorities, have taken place in the U.S., Europe and other regions.

As of Saturday, 414 relevant clinical trials were registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and 392 trials registered on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. 

疫苗从开发到上市通常需要数年时间。目前投入新冠病毒疫苗研发的机构或团队包括中国疾控中心、美国Inovio制药公司和Moderna公司、澳大利亚昆士兰大学、印度血清研究所、英国牛津大学和加拿大萨斯喀彻温大学等。

Bodies working to develop a vaccine include the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Inovio Pharmaceuticals and Moderna in the U.S., University of Queensland in Australia, Serum Institute of India, University of Oxford in the UK and University of Saskatchewan in Canada.

It is important to strike the balance between curtailing the current epidemic now and preparing for the future. 

The R&D of a vaccine from development to the market usually takes years. For example, it took more than two decades of research before the world finally got an approved Ebola vaccine.

>> 疫情如何改变全球科研合作方式？

新冠肺炎疫情期间，全球科研人员交流经验和共享信息的频繁和密切程度前所未有，科研合作跑出战“疫”加速度。

今年1月，中国科研人员公布了新冠病毒的基因序列，让全球科研机构能在能在第一时间行动起来，对抗这一“共同敌人”。

除了全球共享病毒样本和基因序列之外，云平台和数据库也发挥了巨大的作用。预印本服务器bioRxiv每天有和新冠肺炎相关的大量研究论文，基因组数据共享服务平台GISAID便于优化和共享资源。

The intense communication and information sharing among researchers is unprecedented and has resulted in a level of collaboration among scientists that has led to research actions to be implemented faster than ever before during the outbreak.

Once the Chinese researchers published the genome sequence of the virus in January, analysis among global researchers started right away.

Viruses and reagents are being globally mapped out to facilitate the sharing of samples and sequences.

Many researchers have been publishing their COVID-19 work through "pre-print" services like bioRxiv, which publishes papers that haven't yet been peer reviewed in an effort to get potentially life-saving research into public hands more quickly, and platforms like genomic data sharing service GISAID, to optimize resources, avoid duplication and cover research priorities.

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