“I simply think I’m just doing something good.” Xuan Xuan, assessment team member “我就是觉得我就是在做一件很好的事情”。——轩萱，第三方评估员 轩萱，一位来自兰州大学的 24 岁女孩，在位于中国西北地区的甘肃省镇原县开始自己第一次第三方脱贫评估员的工作时，向 CGTN 坦露了自己对这份事业的认知和态度。Xuan Xuan, a 24-year-old graduate student from Lanzhou University, told CGTN her experience as a first-timer on the third-party assessment team in Zhenyuan County, China's northwest Gansu Province. 什么是第三方评估？What is the ‘third-party assessment?’ 第三方评估，是中国政府验证其精准扶贫整体工作的真实性和有效性的重要手段之一。通过组织多地的社会各界人士，组成一支调查技术完备的第三方队伍，深入已脱贫地区，进行多维度的评估和检查工作，来确保不存在错评、漏评或者返贫的可能。Third-party assessment is a method to verify the authenticity of local assertions that the county is poverty-free. The assessment teams with well-developed survey techniques consist of people from all walks of life. Their job is to go to the declared poverty-free areas and conduct multi-dimensional assessment and inspection work to ensure that there is no misevaluation, under-evaluation or the possibility of a return to poverty. 去年 10 月，镇原县宣布脱贫。而早在 6 年前，这个位于中国西部的中心地区却是另一番完全不同的景象。黄土高原遍布全县，平均海拔 1400 多米。严苛的自然条件致使这里的经济和文化发展受到限制。地方政府的数据显示，在 2014 年，这里拥有近 17000 的贫困人口。截至2020年，镇原县脱贫任务全面完成。Zhenyuan County declared itself poverty-free in October 2020. Located in the center of northwest-ern China, the area had a totally different scenario six years ago. The county is surrounded by the Loess Plateau and sits at an average elevation of 1,400 meters. Harsh environmental conditions restricted its economic and cultural development. According to data provided by the local government, around 17,000 people were living below the poverty line in 2014 – that number now stands at zero. Zhenyuan County, The geography of the Loess Plateau is characterized by vertical and horizontal farmland on the highland and ravines below the highland. /VCG 宣布脱贫，意味着要接受来自各方的监督和检查。11月2日，和轩萱同样来自兰州大学的另外 79 名队员，也纷纷加入到持续五天的省级脱贫评估工作中。他们被分成了八个小组，深入镇原县的各个乡镇进行核查。负责这一次活动的高校教授常跟应告诉 CGTN，“对于很多同学来说，这已经不是他们第一次参加评估工作了。”Eliminating absolute poverty also means the area has to accept supervision and inspection from all parties. On November 2, a team of 79 members like Xuan Xuan joined the five-day provincial third-party assessment. They were divided into eight groups and went to various townships in Zhenyuan County to conduct inspections. "For many students, this is not the first time they've joined poverty alleviation work," Professor Chang Genying, who leads the assessment, told CGTN. 学生身份能否胜任？Are students qualified to do the job? 值得注意的是，这一次参加镇原县第三方脱贫评估工作的评估人员大多是 24 岁左右的研究生和本科生，他们从事建筑、机械甚至教育等各个专业，领域完全不同。It was worth noting that the team members were mostly postgraduate and undergraduate students around the age of 24, who were majoring in different fields such as architecture, engineering, education, etc. 这似乎与以往我们理解的概念不同——评估是一个非常需要专业技能的工作。这些年轻学生是如何确保评估工作顺利进行的？来自不同专业的他们如何能确保评估结果的真实性和准确性？This seems to be different from our understanding of conducting investigative work for poverty alleviation – it requires very professional skills. So the question of whether or not these students are qualified was raised: How do these young students ensure the evaluation work is successfully carried out? And how can they guarantee its authenticity and accuracy? “如果大学生没有资质做这个，哪个团体还能来做（评估工作）呢？”——杨泽怡，第三方评估员“Who do they think are qualified to do this job other than university students then?”Yang Zeyi, assessment team member 评估员杨泽怡向 CGTN 反问道。“我们成为评估员需要经过很多的流程。从报名参加到最后成为评估员，中间还要经过多次的培训和考核，最终才能确保参与者成为一个合格的评估员。”杨泽怡补充道。"There is a long process before you can become an evaluator. We have to go through many trainings and exams to be qualified," Yang Zeyi added. “每一次参加评估之前都需要进行培训，因此我已经参加不少于五次了”，有过多次评估经验的小组组长王旭阳向 CGTN 解释了培训的具体细节：“我们会在学校的一个巨大的教室里共同接受培训，参加培训的都是自愿参与评估工作的。老师会向我们解释什么是扶贫工作，政府扶贫政策的具体细节，以及教会我们与农户沟通的方式，因为各地的致贫原因不尽相同，要采取的策略也不一样，这样才能确保获取到的数据是最为准确的。”"I've done this job more than five times now. You have to take part in the training before you start this job properly," Wang Xuyang, an experienced team leader, said, explaining the training details to CGTN. "We attended the training in a huge classroom and the participants all came to the training voluntarily. Our professor would explain to us what poverty alleviation is, the specific detail of the government's poverty alleviation policy, and how to communicate with farmers. Because the causes of poverty vary from place to place, the adopted strategies also need to be different to ensure that we can obtain the most accurate data possible." 参加完培训的学生，随后会进行一个线上的考核。“试卷会考核所有的政策细节，甚至会考核与农户沟通过程中产生障碍的具体处理情况。”王旭阳补充道。Students who finish the training take an online exam. "The exam covers every detail of the policy, and it even includes the barriers faced when communicating with locals," Wang Xuyang added. 具体是什么工作流程 ？What is the workflow? 根据第三方评估工作指导要求，评估小组有一套完整的工作流程。According to the third-party assessment requirements, the team needs to have a complete work-flow. 首先，评估小组将会在出发前提前随机抽取要抽查的乡镇。然后根据地方之前普查的人口数据，重点选择核查建档立卡贫困户（已经登记的绝对贫困户）。随后，评估人员会进入到农户家中，与农户深入沟通了解他们的生产生活状况，收入情况，并对家庭的住房、饮食饮水安全等基本生活保障进行检查。The assessment team members randomly select the towns and villages to be spot-checked before departure. And based on the population data of the previous local census, the priority is to select the absolute poor households that have been registered for verification. The members will then visit the farmers’ homes, communicate with them in-depth to understand their production and living conditions, income situation, and inspect the family’s basic livelihood security such as housing, food, and drinking water safety. 为了确保所有评估人员的核查结果标准性和一致性，整个实地走访都采用了统一的衡量标准，并基于一个叫做“精准扶贫”的手机应用而实现。In order to ensure the standardization and consistency of the evaluation outcomes, the team adopted a unified measurement standard that was implemented based on a mobile application called "Targeted Poverty Alleviation" throughout the entire field visit. “我们的问卷实际都是基于这个‘精准扶贫’的软件来提问的。以国家制定的脱贫标准为基准，我们向受访者提问，找到对应的相关材料，包括银行流水、存取款明细、房屋鉴定证书等，来证明其收入、住房等对应指标是符合标准的。”王旭阳强调，“整个调查过程，地方官员是完全不能干涉和参与的。”"Our questionnaires are formed from the app. Based on the poverty alleviation standards set by the country, we ask the interviewees questions as well as check the relevant materials, including bank statements, deposit and withdrawal details, housing appraisal certificates, etc. to check that the corresponding indicators such as income and housing meet the standards," Wang Xuyang emphasized. "In the entire investigation process, local officials are absolutely not allowed to interfere or participate." 除此之外，评估人员还要对地方官员进行工作评价考核。通过询问农户的实际情况，来确定对口的驻村帮扶干部是否定期前往农户家中了解情况，是否帮助群众解决了实际问题，是否存在作风和纪律问题等。评估组的主要负责人还会对村干部进行一对一谈话，检查干部对辖区情况的掌握程度，以及对于农户的具体问题和细节是否了解等，来确定驻村干部的工作成效。In addition, the team is also responsible for assessing local officials' jobs. By chatting with the farmers and asking them questions, the team will then determine whether the corresponding village support cadres regularly visit the farmer households to understand their situation, whether they have helped the farmers solve problems, and if the cadres are disciplined. The group leaders will also examine the effectiveness of the village cadres' work by conducting one-to-one conversations with them to check their mastery of the area under their jurisdiction as well as their understanding of specific issues and details of the farmers. 在每日的实地核查后，评估人员还要进行数据汇总，对每一条收集到的数据进行审计；对有疑惑的内容进行二次调查，确保无误后上报评估系统。针对核查到的相关问题，也会反应给相关的部门，尽可能帮助农户解决问题。After the daily on-site inspections, the third-party assessment team members have to collect and audit the statistics. They will have to conduct a second investigation if there is doubtful content and only upload it to the evaluation system after ensuring that the information is correct. They will report verified issues to the relevant departments so that the farmers can get as much help as possible. Third-party inspectors work late at night. /CGTN 工作中的难点是什么？What are the challenges? 理论上，基于统一的内容问卷，以及对评估人员的深度培训或许能解决工作中数据标准性的问题。但实际的评估结果是否真实准确，却是另一个需要解决的障碍。Technically, data normalization problems could be solved based on the unified questionnaire as well as the in-depth training for the assessment members. However, it is another obstacle that needs to be resolved when it comes to the authenticity of the result. “最难的不是提问，而是有时和农户沟通非常费劲。”“The hardest part wasn’t asking them questions. It’s the communication with the farmers.”——轩萱，第三方评估员Xuan Xuan, assessment team member 与人沟通是一个无法由任何工具替代或标准化的工作。在方言众多的中国，与有着浓重西北口音的农户交谈，无疑成为了对这群来自全国各地评估人员的又一巨大考验。Human communication is something that can't be normalized or replaced by any tool. In China, where numerous accents and dialects exist, communicating with farmers who had strong north-western accents had no doubt become a challenge for the team members who are from all over China. “刚开始的时候真的听不太懂，得重复好几遍才能听懂他（农户）在说什么。”轩萱作为一个来自中国河南的姑娘，在与口音浓重的西北农户沟通时，她的神色显露出了几分疑惑 。随着工作逐渐推进，她开始熟悉和了解了当地的口音，“后面差不多我都能听懂了”。其他的评估人员或多或少也和她有过类似的经历。"I could understand very little at the beginning. I had to ask them to repeat themselves over and over again to understand what they were saying,” Xuan Xuan said, explaining the problem she faced as a native of central China's Henan Province. As the work progressed, she became more familiar with the local accent. "I could understand more later on," she added. 但口音还不是唯一在沟通上存在的问题，农户表达困难才是一个难过的坎。实际上，多数的绝对贫困都是因为客观原因造成的：特别是因为某些残疾或疾病而导致的贫困，使得受困群众无法接受到教育，表达能力受限。“他们有时候就很难表达他们想要说的内容，我们得仔细听，然后根据细节再提问，不能漏掉一个细节”，杨泽怡说道。However, the accent wasn’t the only communication problem. The difficulty farmers had express-ing themselves was more of a barrier. Most of the absolute poverty is caused by objective reasons such as disability or diseases, which made it impossible for the people to receive education, hence their limited expressive ability. "We have to listen carefully to what they want to say and then ask questions based on the details from their response. We can't miss a single detail," Yang Zeyi said. “有些农户会有一些藏富的心理，”王旭阳在采访中提到。中国的精准扶贫行动中，对于很多贫困户都有政策上的倾斜，对于绝对贫困户还有直接的经济补贴，以帮助他们远离贫困。有些农户在享受到政策红利后脱贫，但“他们可能出于某些原因，不愿意向我们透露自己的额外财产。而且不询问的情况下，他是不会主动说的。这会直接导致我们最后收集的数据失真。”王旭阳道出了工作中的困难。"Some farmers tend to hide what they have from us," Wang Xuyang said. Thanks to China's targeted poverty alleviation actions, many poor households benefit from direct economic subsidies and some of them had already gotten out of poverty with the policy dividend. However, "they may be unwilling to reveal their extra assets to us for some reason," Wang pointed out, and one farmer "would not say anything without us asking. This will directly lead to the distortion of the data we collect." 不真实的财产数据，会对后续的脱贫工作有着重要影响。为了解决这个问题，评估人员会针对被访户涉及财产的部分与村镇进行沟通，调查其是否加入了相关能够获得收益的组织和机构，以及该农户是否收到了应得资金，从而最终确定是否达到脱贫的经济指标。Inaccurate statistics will have a big impact on the subsequent poverty alleviation work. In order to solve this problem, the evaluators from the assessment team will communicate with the village and township officials regarding the interviewed household's property-related issues. They will then investigate whether the family has joined the relevant organizations and institutions that help them obtain income and whether the household has received the due funds so as to finally determine whether it reaches economic indicators of poverty alleviation. 为何而评估？What is the assessment for? 贫穷是实现人权的最大障碍，脱贫能有力地促进贫困人口发展权的实现。而为了达到这个目标，人类社会还有很多路要走。Poverty is the biggest obstacle to the realization of human rights. Alleviating poverty can effectively promote the realization of the right to development of the poor. In order to achieve this goal, there is still a lot more that needs to be done. “扶贫不扶懒惰人，”轩萱感叹到，“扶贫只是让老百姓站起来，但是想让老百姓长得更高，是需要他们自己努力的。”"Poverty alleviation is to help people stand on their feet. But growing taller requires people to put in the effort. I think that lifting people out of poverty is just a target, but the real goal lies in the hands of people," Xuan Xuan said with a sigh. 对于目前中国基层的扶贫工作，杨泽怡认为，“一定要从一个第三方客观的视角去看待这个问题，不要是政府说什么你就认为是什么。有一个更全面的认知，这其实对于整个国家的大方向来说，也是一个保障。”"We must look at this issue from a third-party objective perspective, not just listen to whatever the government says. [You need to have] a more comprehensive understanding, which is actually a guarantee as a whole for our country," Yang Zeyi told CGTN, regarding the current poverty alleviation work at the grassroots level in China. 中国国务院扶贫开发领导小组办公室的数据显示，截止到 2020 年 12 月底，全国 22 家第三方评估机构累计调查了 531 个县、3200 多个村，实地调查了 11.6 万户。According to data provided by the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development, a total of 531 counties with more than 3,200 villages and 116,000 households were surveyed on the spot as of the end of December 2020. 此次省级第三方评估检查后还会进行国家级的抽查。在 2020 年后还将继续对脱贫摘帽地区进行严格普查，建立防止返贫监测和帮扶机制。This is a provincial-level third-party assessment followed by a national-level spot check. The country will continue to conduct rigorous censuses in poverty alleviation areas and establish a monitoring and assistance mechanism to prevent farmers from sliding back into poverty. 推荐阅读：村里来了个扶贫洋专员：再访奎久村 村里来了个扶贫洋医生