真相放大镜｜美国警察暴力执法，岂能逍遥法外
长期以来，美国警察暴力执法，尤其是针对非洲裔的暴力执法屡见不鲜。
然而，在暴力执法事件中，却很少有美国警察被定罪。
这背后的原因是什么？如何才能让美国警察承担罪责？
For a long time, it has not been uncommon to see examples of violent law enforcement by U.S. police, especially against African Americans. However, few police officers have been convicted for their brutality. What is the reason behind this? And how can the U.S. police be held accountable?
美国警察有多暴力？
How brutal is the U.S. police force?
美国民间研究组织“警察暴力地图”网站显示，从2013年至2020年，美国每年都有1100人左右因警察暴力致死。
截至2021年4月18日，今年美国警察仅有三天没有杀人。
2013年至2020年间的所有警察致死案中，98.3%的案件均无警察被起诉。
Data from the research organization "Mapping Police Violence" shows that from 2013 to 2020, about 1,100 people died of police violence in the country each year.
There have been only three days in 2021 where police did not kill someone as of April 18.
98.3% of killings by police from 2013-2020 have not resulted in officers being charged with a crime.
美国黑人更容易因警察执法而死亡，这已成为一种公共卫生危机。
据哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院研究，美国黑人因警察干预而死亡的可能性是白人的3.32倍。
但美国警察却很少因导致黑人死亡而遭起诉，也几乎不会获罪。
Black people in the United States die so often in the hands of police, that it's become a public health crisis.
Black Americans are 3.32 times as likely to die from police interactions as white Americans, according to a study by researchers from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
But U.S. police officers are seldom charged, or are almost not convicted, for killing Black people.
他们为何不会获罪？
Why aren't they convicted？
洛杉矶退休警官谢丽尔·多尔西在采访中表示：“我认为这种情况之所以存在是因为缺乏问责制。我们都知道应该在用尽了所有其他方法之后，才能把使用致命武力作为最后的手段，但是警察在面对有色人种时，却不是这样做的。”
也有一些系统性的原因，使警察受到保护，比如：“有限豁免权”通常就让警察免于承担法律责任。
此外，在美国对警察使用武力没有统一的标准。通常警察都是根据自己认为合理的程度来使用武力。
"I think the reason that that situation exists is because there's been a lack of accountability. We're all taught to use deadly force as a last resort only after you've exhausted every other tool and we don't see that happening when it comes to people of color," said retired Sergeant Cheryl Dorsey, who was a Los Angeles Police officer for 20 years.
There are also systemic issues that protect police officers, including the "qualified immunity" legal doctrine that often makes officers immune from legal responsibility.
There are no standardized rules for law enforcement across the country and is often judged from the perspective of what the officer considers reasonable.
如何才能让美国警察承担罪责？
How can the U.S. police be held accountable?
在黑人弗洛伊德因警察暴力死亡后，美国提出了一项警察改革法案，以限制“有限豁免权”，为警察行为设定国家标准，并禁止使用锁喉和其他约束手段，比如在弗洛伊德身上所用的手段。
全美有色人种协会主席兼首席执行官德里克·约翰逊表示：“只有修改法律，才能诞生问责制。有了一套新的问责制，人们的行为才会发生变化。这是最重要的，执法机构必须培训警察在处理问题时使局势降级。”
After the death of George Floyd, a police reform bill was proposed to limit "qualified immunity,”set national standards for police behavior and ban the use of choke holds and restraint techniques like the one used on Floyd.
"When you change the law, you create accountability. And if you have a new set of accountability, people's behavior shifts. That's what's most important, that law enforcement agencies must train officers to de-escalate situations," said Derrick Johnson, president and CEO of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
为改革警察部门，包括纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥和西雅图在内的多个美国城市都削减了警察部门的支出。这很大程度上被认为是弗洛伊德去世以及随之而来的抗议和社会动乱推动的结果。
同时，美国布鲁金斯学会研究员Rashawn Rayto呼吁将民事赔偿金从纳税人支付转为用警察部门的保险来支付。这已经开始在一些地方实行。纽约州的立法者就提议，警察个人应该投保责任保险。
To reform the police departments, a dozen U.S. cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Seattle have all reduced police spending. Their efforts are largely seen as being pushed by Floyd's death and the protests and civil unrest that followed.
Meanwhile, Rashawn Rayto, a fellow with the Brookings Institution calls on to restructure civilian payouts by moving them from taxpayer money to police department insurance policies. This is starting to be carried out in some place. New York state lawmakers proposed that individual officers carry liability insurance.