决策者 | 推动生态文明建设主流化，中国可发挥全球领导作用
Editor's note: Decision Makers is a global platform for decision makers to share their insights on events shaping today's world. Oliver Hillel is a program officer at the Secretariat of the Convention on Biodiversity, responsible for the engagement of states, regions and cities in the work of the Convention, and for the mainstreaming of biodiversity into economic sectors and development. The article reflects the author's opinions and not necessarily the views of CGTN.
编者按：“决策者”(Decision Makers)是一个全球平台，供决策者分享他们对影响当今世界之事件的见解。奥利弗·希勒尔是《生物多样性公约》秘书处的项目官员，负责协调国家、地区和城市参与公约规定的工作，并将生物多样性保护纳入经济部门的主流发展过程中。文章仅代表作者的观点，而非本台观点。
Recent scientific studies of global significance, such as the Dasgupta Review and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) assessments reveal that our planet is undergoing critical changes that threaten our well-being and our economies over the next years. The climate emergency, the pollution of our waters and sea, and the steep loss of nature are all over the headlines. The last one is especially critical.
近期，《达斯古普塔报告》和生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台（IPBES）等具有全球影响力的科学研究组织发布的评估报告显示，地球正在经历重大变化，这些变化将在未来几年威胁到我们的利益福祉和经济发展。气候紧急情况、水域和海洋污染以及自然生态的急剧恶化屡屡见诸报端。其中，最后一个问题尤为严峻。
The challenge
严峻挑战
From the second half of the 20th century, in my lifetime, humanity has lost around 70 percent of the plants, animals and fungi we started with. This includes the variety of plants and animals we depend on for food, and it means numbers of species as well as numbers of individuals per species, the biomass.
从20世纪下半叶开始，与我的生命历程相随，人类已经失去了约70%的植物、动物和真菌物种，其中包括我们赖以生存的可食用动植物。这意味着物种数量以及每个物种的个体数量（生物量）在快速萎缩。
That is a red flag for all, as nature is quite literally in our body – we are, in many ways, ecosystems ourselves, and our health depends on the cycles of nature. We need land and marine parks around us for recreation and immunity; our economies depend on nature thousands of kilometers away, and on the protected rivers, forests and mountains of neighboring countries.
这对所有人来说都是一个危险信号，因为自然就蕴含我们的身体里——在很大程度上，我们本身就是生态系统。我们的健康取决于大自然的各种循环。我们周围的陆地和海洋公园让我们笑口常开、身强体健。我们的经济发展依赖于数千公里外的自然环境，依赖于邻国受保护的河流、森林和山川。
The food and water we need, and the air that we breathe depend fundamentally on healthy and diverse ecosystems. On the other side of the spectrum, some health aspects of the COVID-19 crisis have been linked to environmental degradation – a realization that led to the UN One Health approach.
归根到底，我们所需的食物、水和空气取决于健康和多样化的生态系统。另一方面，新冠肺炎危机造成的健康影响与环境恶化息息相关，基于这方面的认知，联合国推出了“一体化健康”协作项目。
The scientific studies go further. They prove that the ultimate causes of these challenges may be linked less to the inability of our governments to care for the environment, and more to the way we collectively buy services and products, invest and spend resources, as well as the way we borrow or earn our money.
通过进一步分析，上述科学研究组织证明，这些挑战的根本原因可能与政府无力保护环境的关联度较低，而与我们集体购买服务和产品、投资和使用资源的方式，以及我们借贷和赚钱的方式更加相关。
As a species, we spend many times more money over-using nature through the way we produce, "borrowing" from the capital accounts of nature's free services, than protecting it – like 20 or 30 times more, depending on country and consumption levels. For our habits to help us become stewards of nature, we need to change and redesign our economies and finances, our modes of production and consumption. This understanding is at the core of the concept of mainstreaming biodiversity into economic sectors, a reference for the UN's flagship agreement on nature, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), signed on by 196 parties, including China.
作为一个物种，在生产过程中，人类往往过度开发自然。大自然不断为人类提供免费服务，人类则从大自然的资本账户中不断“借用”资金，而非致力于保护大自然。我们从大自然攫取的资金约为进行环保投资的20到30倍，具体取决于国家和消费水平。为了改变生产生活习惯，进而让人类成为大自然的好管家，我们需要改变和重新设计经济和金融体系、生产和消费模式。只有具备了这种关键认知，才有望将生物多样性保护纳入经济部门的主流发展过程中，这也是联合国关于自然保护的旗舰协议《生物多样性公约》（CBD）的核心要义。包括中国在内的195个国家和欧盟是该公约的缔约方。
As part of its growing role in the international agenda, China has been elected to host and preside the 15th meeting of the highest decision-making body of the CBD, the Conference of the Parties or COP 15, launched on October 11, 2021, and with a second in-person component announced for April and May 2022 in the city of Kunming, Yunnan Province.
随着中国在国际事务领域发挥越来越大的作用，中国已当选为《生物多样性公约》（后简称为《公约》）缔约方大会第15次会议的主办国和主席国。大会于2021年10月11日顺利召开，并宣布于2022年4月和5月在云南省昆明市举行第二阶段线下会议。
What is mainstreaming
何为“主流化”
In the context of the convention, national governments propose mainstreaming as "integrating, as far as possible and appropriate, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programs and policies."
在《公约》背景下，各国政府将主流化定义为“视情况尽可能地将生物多样性保护和可持续利用纳入相关部门或跨部门的计划、方案和政策中”。
Very concretely, this means that the mandates and work of important ministries such as those responsible for planning, economics, trade, finance, regional development, agriculture, energy, and infrastructure, among others, should consider the implications, impacts and dependencies of their decisions on nature, in consultation with the ministries for environment and sustainable development.
具体而言，这意味着负责规划、经济、贸易、金融、区域发展、农业、能源和基础设施的重要部门在确定职责和开展工作的过程中，应与负责环境和可持续发展的部门协商，充分考虑其决定对自然的影响、冲击和依赖。
Mainstreaming also implicates different levels of governments according to the scope of their responsibilities: national, subnational at land- and seascape level, and local. Work is different at urban, rural and inland or coastal levels.
主流化过程还会涉及到具有不同责任范围的各级政府：国家政府、陆地和海洋层面的次国家政府、地方政府。城市和农村、内陆和沿海等不同层面的工作各不相同。
Finally, mainstreaming also requires the involvement and cooperation of all players, so that their interests are considered, synergies are explored and contributions supported. Governments at all levels are legislators, regulators and facilitators; businesses and finance need to change their codes and standards; academia and experts are needed to assess, measure, report, provide solutions, and build capacity. Affected residents and local communities can help demand change where needed, point to solutions, and help monitor and report. Women, youth, indigenous peoples and local communities bring their knowledge and resources, and help co-manage land, waters and sea. NGOs are needed to assess and inform on impacts and dependencies, on how to consume and invest, and to facilitate cross-sectoral and vertical cooperation and partnerships.
最后，主流化还需要各方的参与和合作，以便充分考虑他们的利益，探索协同机制并支持他们做出贡献。各级政府是立法者、监管者和推动者；企业和金融机构需要改变自身的运行规范和标准；学术界和专家应当参与政策评估、衡量、报告，提出解决方案，推动能力建设。受影响的居民和当地社区可以呼吁政府做出必要的改变，提出解决方案，并协助进行监测和报告。妇女、青年、原住民和当地社区可以贡献他们的知识和资源，并帮助共同管理土地、水域和海洋。非政府组织应评估和通报政策影响及依赖条件，并就消费和投资提出建议，促进跨部门及纵向合作伙伴关系。
Economic players have already learned the value of nature. Biodiversity loss, the many and complex risks it brings to our businesses and finance, and the ways to mainstream nature into all sectors to revert this loss are now a major subject in meeting rooms of corporate executive boards, in the strategy reports provided to insurance companies, and in the products and services offered by consulting and auditing companies. In fact, mainstreaming requires exactly the kind of integrated thinking that permeates the concept of an ecological civilization, a key concept chosen as theme by China for COP 15.
经济活动参与者已经认识到了自然的价值。生物多样性的丧失，及其给企业和金融业务带来的许多复杂的风险，以及如何将自然保护纳入所有部门的主流发展过程以扭转这种恶化趋势，这些都是公司执行董事会会议上讨论的重要议题，并频频出现在保险公司收到的战略报告以及咨询和审计公司提供的产品和服务中。事实上，推动生态建设主流化需要的正是那种贯穿着生态文明理念的综合思维，而生态文明是中国为《公约》缔约方大会第15次会议选择的一个核心概念主题。
Working in the UN's flagship multilateral agreement on biodiversity, I see how important it is for national governments to realize the dependencies of our peace and stability, and of our economies and finances on the range of living beings, ecosystems, and genetic resources on Earth, and the benefits and services they provide to all people. I also realize the timeliness and opportunity of China's leadership of the convention on life on Earth, as well as of the proposed theme for the meeting in China's most biodiverse province.
在推动实施联合国关于生物多样性的主要多边协议的过程中，我发现各国政府已经意识到我们的和平与稳定以及经济金融体系对地球生物、生态系统和遗传资源的依赖性，并认识到它们在不断造福全人类，为我们提供重要的服务。我认为，中国成为《公约》缔约方大会主席国恰逢其时、潜力无限，在中国生物多样性最丰富的省份召开此次大会也昭示着巨大的机会。
A leadership role for China
中国的领导作用
A megadiverse and globally significant country, China was one of the first to ratify the convention less than a year after its signature in Rio in 1992. One of the central aspects of the COP15 is the adoption of a 10-year Global Biodiversity Framework, a set of goals and targets that will guide the efforts of all member governments and the UN agencies that support them. A long-term approach to mainstreaming, and strategies for capacity building and mobilization of financial resources to back these targets are part of the expected decisions.
中国是一个物种繁多、具有全球影响力的国家。1992年在里约签署《公约》后不到一年，中国就成为首批审议批准该公约的国家之一。正在召开的缔约方大会第15次会议的核心内容之一是制定一个为期10年的“全球生物多样性框架”，这一揽子目标和指标将指导所有成员国政府及联合国相关支持机构的工作。此外，人们预计最终决策成果还将包括推动生态建设主流化的长效机制，以及能力建设和财政资源支持等领域的长期战略。
In preparing for the Conference, it has become clear that China can play a globally significant leadership role on those points.
在会议筹备过程中，我们可以很清楚地看到，中国能在这些方面发挥重要的全球领导作用。
Due to its steep rates of urbanization and development, China has developed responses to many of the relevant challenges in mainstreaming. The progress on greening the Belt and Road Initiative, and the advanced safeguards of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank are good examples. As the focal point for the convention, China's Ministry of Ecology and Environment has hosted meetings on the biodiversity elements in South-South cooperation and urban development. South-South cooperation can open new doors for green economies.
由于中国的城镇化和经济发展速度很快，中国已经制定了相关措施，来应对主流化过程中的诸多挑战。绿色“一带一路”倡议取得进展、亚投行制定先进的保障政策都是很好的例子。作为《公约》的国家联络点，中国生态环境部主办了关于南南合作和城市发展中生物多样性要素的会议。南南合作可以为绿色经济发展打开新的大门。
National governments have already highlighted which sectors affect biodiversity most. At COP13, decisions were made regarding the sectors of agriculture, fisheries, forestry and tourism; energy and mining, infrastructure, health, manufacture and distribution were considered at COP14. The finance community, a complex set of players across public and private interests, is also clearly involved. Other critical players include the "lifestyle" sector (fashion and cosmetics), innovation and information technology, and media, communication and advertising. China has biodiversity champions in all of these domains, as well as on sustainable design, research and development cooperation.
各国政府已经着重强调了对生物多样性影响最大的行业部门。在缔约方大会第十三次会议上，各方就农业、渔业、林业和旅游业等部门做出了决定；在缔约方大会第十四次会议上，各方探讨了能源和采矿业、基础设施、医疗卫生、制造和物流配送等部门的目标和规范。金融行业包含各类不同背景的公共和私营部门参与者，显然也需要参与执行决策内容。其他关键参与部门还包括生活服务（时尚和化妆品）、创新和信息技术、传媒、通信和广告。中国在所有这些领域，以及在可持续设计、研发合作方面都有生物多样性的倡导者。
The national governments we serve in the convention need Chinese stakeholder engagement and support to implement the objectives of the convention and the Global Biodiversity Framework. Many UN agencies in which China is leading, such as the Food and Agricultural Organization, are fronting substantial mainstreaming plans and strategies. The country's river restoration and green urban development approaches, such as sponge cities, have earned international recognition. We need China's best practices, both in transition and in transformation.
我们所服务的《公约》缔约方政府希望看到中国利益相关者的参与和支持，以落实《公约》和“全球生物多样性框架”的目标。中国领导的许多联合国机构，如联合国粮农组织，正在制定实质性的生态建设主流化方案和战略。中国的河流修复和绿色城市发展方法，如海绵城市，已赢得国际认可。我们需要学习借鉴中国在转型过渡期中的最佳实践。
In the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, we stand ready to support China's best examples in green and circular economic approaches. The Sharm to Kunming Action Agenda (https://www.cbd.int/portals/action-agenda/) is a call to register and showcase progress on commitments and implementation by non-state actors, and a recent NGO forum in preparation for COP 15 welcomed more than 600 participants from China alone. Mainstreaming biodiversity is both an area of global excellence and an ongoing challenge for China's future – and the way it will address this will help format the global agenda at least for the next 10 years.
在《生物多样性公约》秘书处，我们随时准备支持中国在绿色经济和循环经济发展方面打造最佳范例。《从沙姆沙伊赫到昆明—人与自然行动议程》（https://www.cbd.int/portals/action-agenda/）作为一项倡议，旨在登记和展示非国家主体在承诺和实施方面的进展，在近期为筹备缔约方大会第十五次会议而举办的非政府组织论坛上，仅中国就有600多名与会者。推动生物多样性保护主流化既是中国争先创优的好机会，也会是中国未来持续面临的挑战。中国解决这些问题的方式将有助于引导制定至少未来10年的全球议程。