彭家寨，活化石！

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2018-05-24

你有过这种体验吗？

生活了世世代代的地方，

有一天，走上了国际舞台，

接受世界目光的注视？

我想，每个宣恩人都可以给出答案

我们有！

本月28日至6月26日，宣恩将《中国土家泛博物馆（彭家寨）总体规划》送展被誉为“世界三大艺术展”之首的2018年威尼斯双年展，与世界84个国家的经典建筑作品同台展示。

据悉，《中国土家泛博物馆（彭家寨）总体规划》由华中科技大学建筑与城市规划学院院长、教授李保峰及其团队编制完成，通过打造以彭家寨为中心的动态土家生活生产全景画廊，让对土家族文化感兴趣的人们可以直观地看见活生生的土家族人，实地了解土家族的生活居住形态，切身感受土家族文化。此次送展是中国土家族建筑文化第一次亮相国际舞台，对土家族建筑文化的保育和发展具有重要的现实意义。

西南少数民族地区建筑的“活化石”

彭家寨位于沙道沟镇两河口村八组。寨子临河靠山，过龙潭河设索桥；两端各以溪沟为界，叉几沟上建风雨桥；后山树木葱郁，形成极好的背景。该寨是“鄂西土家聚落的典型选址”。

2013年，沙道沟镇两河口村彭家寨古建筑群被国务院核定公布为第七批全国重点文物保护单位，使彭家寨的保护从级别上又上升了一个档次。这些年来，彭家寨从一处名不见经传的村寨飙升至两河口中国历史文化名村的核心建筑之一，成了国家级文物保护单位。

湖北吊脚楼群的“头号种子选手”

中国古建筑专家，华中科技大学教授张良臬先生在考察恩施州古建筑后撰文：“要挑选湖北省吊脚楼群的‘头号种子选手’，准定宣恩彭家寨出马”。并以歌咏赞叹：“未了武陵今世缘，贫年策杖觅桃源，人间幸有彭家寨，楼阁峥嵘住地仙”。

湖北土家第一寨

全寨45户250余人，均系土家族。彭家寨山清水秀，人杰地灵，古色古香，被誉为“湖北土家第一寨”。

在沙道沟以至宣恩县，一处吊脚楼群被公布为国保，不是孤立的现象，也就是说，她之所以被公布为国保，与宣恩众多的吊脚楼群、丰富的建筑文化、厚重的民族文化是分不开的——“国保”桂冠的摘取是以此为基石和依托的。

看看此次威尼斯双年展策展人马里诺•福林先生如何评价咱们彭家寨？

MARINO FOLIN

马里诺·福林

建筑师

1944 年出生于威尼斯

1968 年完成学业

1972 年至 1982 年，任职威尼斯建筑大学建筑系城市和地域分析专业教授。

1982 年起，任职威尼斯建筑大学城市规划学院全职教授。

1988 年法国城市学院—Paris VIII 客座教授。

1998 年威尼斯建筑双年展（汉斯·霍莱因总策展），意大利馆策展人。

1991 年至 2006 年，任职威尼斯建筑大学校长。

2006 年至 2012 年威尼斯基金会副主席。

2006 年至 2013 年威尼斯大学基金会主席。

2013 年至今雅伦格文化艺术基金会主席。

2015 年米兰世博会威尼斯展科学委员会协调员。

“威尼斯 2000”基金会主席。

米兰三年展董事会成员。

国际环境科学学院创始人。

以下是他对活化项目的解读

In recent years China has started and implemented a number of urban and sub-urban regeneration programs unequaled in the West, by size, continuity and methods of intervention, aimed at the physical, economic and social protection and at the improvement of living conditions of villages and small towns of the country far from the big urban centers.

近年以来，中国启动和实施了一系列城市、乡村活化项目，这些项目无论在规模、持续性和干预方式等方面都是西方国家无可比拟的。尤其是乡村活化项目，在为远离大城市中心的农村地区提供物质、经济和社会保障，改善当地居民生活条件等颇有成效。

In some of the cases, the villages and small towns are centers of ancient settlement and of agricultural-pastoral economy, very often inhabited by ethnic minorities, in which survive the ways of life rooted in their linguistic, cultural and material traditions.

在一些项目中，有些乡村是曾经的古聚落和农牧经济中心，通常也是少数民族居住地，在这些地区保留着丰富的少数民族语言、文化和物质传统的生活方式。

The aim of this policy is to support and develop local economies, in order to stop, if not reverse, the exodus of the rural population from their villages to the big cities. This aim is pursued through two main lines of action that feed off each other: the first is that of recognizing and enhancing local identities, as they have for centuries manifested themselves in material and cultural production, in ways of life, in dwellings, in settlement systems, in relations with the landscape; the second is that of promoting a conscious tourism, capable of coexisting with local communities, without destroying them, contributing, indeed, to supporting their economies.

这样的活化项目对扭转少数民族地区的农村人口涌入城市，保护少数民族地区文化有重要的作用。并且一方面：正视并且增强当地群众的少数民族认同感，这种认同感几百年来已经通过各种各样的方式体现在当地的物质和文化生产、生活方式、建筑、聚落体系以及人与自然景观的关系中，我们需要意识到并且增强这种认同感；另外一方面也促进旅游业的发展，实现旅游业与当地聚落和谐共存，而非摧毁这些聚落，以此来推动当地经济发展。

The subjects involved in the enhancement of local identities are: the State that promotes the actions, the local communities that support them and the Universities that design and direct their realization, with the participation of the populations concerned. Among the most recent and exciting urban regeneration projects in progress is that of Pengjiazhai.

加强地方认同感需要政府的政策支持，当地聚落村寨的积极响应，相关大专院校献计献策辅助实施，以及广大热心群众的参与。在中国目前正在实施的最新城市活化项目中，彭家寨项目是最为激动人心的代表。

Pengjia is a village located along the west bank of the Longtan River, on the slopes of Mount Wuling, (Hubei Province, Xuan’en County) in a valley inhabited since ancient times by the Tujia Nationality, one of the ethnic minority of China.

彭家寨位于龙潭河西岸，坐落在武陵山（湖北省宣恩县），自古以来就是中国少数民族土家族的居住地。

Pengjia is a typical Tuji village, of which it still retains some of its fundamental characteristics, with regards to the settlement structures, the main economic activities, the forms of social and family relations, the cultural manifestations. The village still has, well preserved some of the best examples of Diaojiao houses, wooden stilted houses, raised on piles and built without any nails or rivets. Pengjiazhai is now under state-level protection and it is included on the List of Outstanding Minority Villages of China.

这是一个典型的土家族村寨，在聚落结构、主要经济活动、社会家庭关系形态、文化活动等方面仍保留着一些土家聚落的基本特征。寨子里还完好保存着一些吊脚楼——这种穿斗式建筑不用一钉一铆架设于木桩之上。彭家寨属中国国家级文物保护单位，已被列入中国少数民族特色村寨名录。

As part of the actions aimed at regenerating the village of Pengjia, the County has entrusted the task both of theterritorial plan and of the project of main buildings, among which the Museum of the Tujia minority, to prof. Li Baofeng of the School of Architecture and Urban Planning (HuaZhong University of Science and Technology).The projects, with all the activities connected to them, have been developed with the support of the School of Architecture and of the Urban Planning and Research Institute of HUST, and with the active participation of the students of the School.

作为彭家寨活化行动的一部分，宣恩县已将土地规划和主要建筑项目（包括土家博物馆）的任务委托给华中科技大学建筑学院的李保峰教授。这些项目及其相关活动的开展离不开华中科技大学建筑学院的大力支持和该院师生的积极参与。

The Pengjia Museum project is part of a more general Territorial Plan, of preservation, regeneration and development - the three aspects are inextricably linked to each other - concerning the Longtan river valley, from the village of Linghekou to the power plant of Baiguoba, including the immediate wooded slopes of the Wuling mountains. The valley is crossed by the millennial Sichuan's Salt Path, along which there are numerous villages of Tujia and Miao minorities.

彭家寨博物馆项目同时还是当地政府统筹性国土规划的组成部分，该规划牢牢抓住保护、活化和发展三方面密不可分的联系，涵盖范围包括龙潭河谷、两河口村至白果坝电厂（包括林木繁茂的武陵山地）等地区。千年川盐古道穿越河谷，沿途形成了许多土家族和苗族村寨。

Main goals of the Territorial Plan are: the protection of cultural, architectural and landscape heritage; the enhancement of traditional agricultural and craft activities, in full compliance with environmental conditions dictated by the climate, the composition of the soil, the morphology of the sites; the promotion of a local, sustainable and conscious tourism.

此国土规划的主要目标是：保护文化、建筑和景观遗产、促进传统农业与手工艺产业的发展，同时使之完全与当地的气候、土壤构成和位置形态等环境条件相适应、促进当地旅游业的可持续发展，并发展自觉性旅游业。

There are three basic actions that the Plan provides, summarized in the key words of "One Gallery, Three Hearts, Nine Fortress.

该规划提出了三个基本行动计划，可概括为“一廊、九寨、三中心”。

The first action, "One gallery" is that of strengthening the transport lines, land and river, along the river Longtan; the second, “Three Hearts”, concerns the construction of three centers for tourists, in the villages of Wangjia, Zengjia and Wujia; the third, "Nine Fortress", concerns the restoration and rehabilitation of the nine villages along the river, among them Pengjia.

首先，“一廊”侧重于加强龙潭河沿线交通运输、土地与河流之间的互通互达性；第二，“三中心”侧重于王家寨、曾家寨和吴家寨三个旅游中心的建设；第三，“九寨”则是河流沿线的九个村寨（其中包括彭家寨）的恢复和重建。

As for architectural interventions, they include: rehabilitation of single isolated houses seriously deteriorated, with their insertion in the historic villages of the valley, to complete the existing buildings where these present serious lacerations and destructive changes not otherwise reparable; new buildings for public and collective use (museums, theaters, open spaces), among which the Museum dedicated to the Tujia minority; the construction - in the purest Chinese tradition of “Wind and Rain” bridges - of nine pedestrian bridges over the river, to connect the nine villages, located on the west bank of the river to the long-distance road that crosses the valley, located on the eastern one, thus maintaining the villages not only totally free from long distance crossing traffic, but also from every day cars.

此项目中的建筑活化包括：修复河谷沿线历史文化村寨内毁损严重的单栋独立居民建筑，这些建筑通常与其他现存建筑共同构成一个整体，且多数毁损严重并遭受过难以修复的破坏性变化；新建公共和集体用途的建筑（博物馆、剧院、开放空间），其中包括专门针对土家族打造的彭家寨博物馆；修建最能体现中国传统特色的“凉亭”桥—跨河修建的九座人行桥，连通横跨河流的东岸长途道路，供河流西岸的九个村寨使用，从而保证村寨完全不受长途跨河交通以及每日来往交通的影响。

As for new buildings, both those relating to public buildings and those concerning the nine “Wind and Rain” bridges, construction techniques, materials and their methods of use are exclusively those of the local culture and the Tugji tradition (wooden buildings that do not use iron nails to tie the structures together, but only pins or other wooden joining elements).

对于新建筑而言，无论是公共建筑还是九座“凉亭”桥、其施工技术、材料及其使用方式均体现了当地独有的文化和土家传统（木制建筑的各结构部分均不使用铁钉，而使用榫销或其他木制连接构件进行连接）

Pengjia is an exemplary project of urban and territorial regeneration.

彭家寨博物馆项目是城市和地方活化的示范性项目。

In Western Countries there are thousands of historical villages and small urban centers, in decline or abandoned, located mainly in peripheral hill or mountain areas. Only in Italy there are hundreds of them.

在西方，曾经分布在周边丘陵或山区的成千上万的历史文化村寨和小市镇中心已衰落或荒废。只有意大利还残存了数百个。

In Western Countries there are also great quality examples of physical restoration and rehabilitation of historical centers otherwise destined to progressive degradation and abandonment, but almost always this took place together with processes of gentrification, of destruction of the previously existing social system, of total abandonment of traditional economies and productions.

西方也有一些良好的历史文化中心实体修复和重建案例，若非得到修复和重建，这些历史文化中心也注定会衰落和荒废，不过，这从来都与中产阶级化进程、原有社会制度的衰落，以及传统经济和生产方式的消失息息相关。

The Pengjia project is exemplary because in it urban and territorial regeneration goes hand in hand with the preservation and development of the existing economic and social system and with the enhancement of the material and immaterial culture inherited from the past.

之所以将彭家寨博物馆项目作为示范性项目的原因在于：这个项目集中体现了城市和地方活化与现有经济社会体系的保护和发展以及物质水平的提高和非物质文化的传承之间密不可分的关系。

Pengjiazhai can be, for the Western Countries, a model to follow.

彭家寨项目可作为供西方国家效仿的范本。

那么，“国保”彭家寨以后的发展之路如何？

《中国土家泛博物馆走廊总体规划》出台后，将分为近期和中远期两个时间段来开发建设，将逐步打造成4A或5A景区。

部分规划图：

土家放排

漂流项目在伍家寨码头及下游两河村口设置拦水坝，形成适宜开展游船与放排项目的水面，并在每个寨子设置相应码头，以供游客上岸游览，为游客带来伍家寨到曾家寨水上游乐的美好体验。

摆手堂

在曾家寨东侧布局摆手堂，作为土家族摆手舞活动场所，游客可参与其中深度体验土家歌舞文化，并组织开展摆手舞比赛等趣味活动。

银巷子

设置银饰坊，销售并展示土家歌舞服饰中的银饰品等，聘请当地银匠发扬工匠精神现场制作，根据游客需求定制心仪饰品，形成土家饰品工艺售卖的银巷子。