备战中考丨第二十二讲—阅读理解（思维导图+教学视频+讲解音频）
1. 理解文章的主旨和要义
2. 理解文章中的具体信息（包括图文转换的信息）
3. 根据上下文推测生词的词义
4. 进行简单的判断和推理
5. 理解文章的基本结构
6. 理解作者的基本态度和观点
1. 事实细节
2. 词义猜测
3. 推理判断
4. 深层理解（观点、态度；主旨要义）
2015年中考阅读试题提醒考生在平时的学习、中考复习中，除了用好英语教材之外，还一定要注意扩大课外阅读量，多读原汁原味的英语阅读材料，进一步提升阅读技巧。细节查找题本次考试的比例进一步增加，教师应该教会学生准确查找细节信息的技巧和方法。
考生在复习备考的时候，应注意科学选题，精选常练，多选用原创文章；强化篇章意识和逻辑思维的训练；注意阅读量，培养语感。在第二轮复习的时候，尽量每天做足习题；关注基础语言知识的积累，培养正确的答题技巧，养成良好的解题习惯。
另外，在解题的时候了解一些基本的阅读技巧，对于大家的解题会有很大的帮助。比如，读文章时从上下文考虑，从词汇意义及用法的角度考虑，从逻辑推理、常识等角度考虑，从惯用法和固定搭配的角度考虑，从语法知识的角度考虑等。
最后，建议同学们在解题的时候，可以遵循以下步骤：通读全文，了解大意；辨析题意，初定答案；仔细推敲，认真复查。
由于篇幅有限，这一期我们主要谈谈如何应对阅读理解的“主旨大意”题。
常见的主旨大意题的考查形式
The text is mainly about ____.
This article mainly tells about the story of ____.
What is the topic of the text?
The subject discussed in this text is ____.
What does the second paragraph discuss?
The paragraph (passage) deals with _____.
What would be the best title /headline for the text?
解题技巧
1.先看问题，看是否有和主旨相关的题目，了解题目类别和提问方式。
2.再看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨。
3.以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其它深层次问题。
4.这类题目需要对文章有整体性的把握，建议最后做。
5.文章或者某段落的主旨大意——主题句定位法：通过分析篇章结构，找出每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文章的主题句。
主题呈现的方式：
1.开门见山式：
主题句出现在文首
In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad，that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.
What does this passage mainly talk about？
A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.
B. Opinions about competition are different among people.
C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development.
D. Failures are necessary experience in competition.
答案：B
2. 藏头露尾式：
主题句出现在文尾
On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. What’s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.
What's the main idea of the passage？
A. Keep away from the Internet.
B. Surf the net.
C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.
D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.
答案：C
3.首尾呼应式：
在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题。值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。
Lacrosse(曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.
People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is…
There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.
At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.
The passage is mainly about _____.
A. How to Play Lacrosse
B. Lacrosse in Canada
C. The History of Lacrosse
D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada
答案：D
4. 抛砖引玉式：
文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。
How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful？
Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats (栖息地). …
Zoos claim (声称) to educate people and save endangered species(物种), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals’ natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty….
Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitat and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.
What does the author try to argue in the passage？
A. Zoos are not worth the public support.
B. Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals.
C. Zoos should treat animals as human beings.
D. Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.
答案：A
5.藏龙卧虎式：
即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点,然后加以归纳形成主题。
Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let's shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.
The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.
A. where handshaking was first practiced
B. how handshaking came about
C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade
D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China
答案：B
主旨题不能从原文直接找到答案的题要注意
1.以原文为依据，不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观。要克服“我认为…怎么样”的观点。
2.答案是比出来的。答案不选对的，只选最好的。因为，有时候四个答案都是对的。比答案的原则是：好的>不知道的；不知道的>不对的。
3.注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。
4.答案要避免以点带面，以偏盖全。尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。
5.“傻瓜”原则。文章中没有提到的就当是不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。
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牛宝安，河南省新郑市教体局基础教育教研室英语教研员，中小学高级教师，多次参加河南省、国家级骨干教师培训研修活动；河南省教师教育专家，河南省中小学教师培训专家团成员。先后从事初，高中英语教学20余年。多次获得各级优质课奖励，多次做各级公开课、观摩课、示范课；有多篇英语教育教学方面的论文发表于CN刊物。2003年赴英国胡佛汉顿大学参加英语教育教学研修；教育部国培计划（2015）人教社一线优秀教师暨紧缺领域骨干教师培训技能研修班优秀学员。对于初中英语新课程教学理念及课堂管理策略，教师专业技能发展等方面有独到的见解和深入的研究。
张国栋，2005年至今就职于淮北市西园中学，中教一级英语教师。安徽省智能教具应用能手，淮北市十佳青年教育教学能手，全国英语课堂教学观摩研讨展评课 一等奖、现场优胜奖。参与汉办项目，赴美国明尼苏达州执教学习。
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新郑市教育体育局基础教育教研室是新郑市教育体育局为促进教师的专业发展、全面提高教育教学质量服务的业务部门。其主要负责基础教育领域课程和教学研究、实施课程培训、指导教学业务、评估教学质量、培养骨干教师等工作。主要职能有：研究课程与教材；开展教学调研。开展应用研究；组织教研活动；组织教学评比；评估教学质量；培养骨干教师；整合教研信息。近年来，我室涌现出了一批思想进步、理念先进、学科素养高、科研水平领先的专家型研究人员，他们兢兢业业，深入教学第一线，研究教学，指导教学，培养教学骨干，促进广大教师教学技能提升，为我市教育质量持续领跑郑州市郊县做出了应有的贡献！
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