详解指文学作品借用一定事例或思想,含蓄婉转地向统治者传达民情民风、批评时政,从而使统治者能够接受讽谏,革除政弊。“讽”是指讽谏、劝诫,要求诗文中的批评语言含蓄婉转,“谕”是晓谕、表明,文章主旨最终要归结为劝鉴、批评。也就是说,它实际包含密不可分的两方面:一是文学的表达方式(“讽”要婉转含蓄),二是文学的社会功能(“晓谕”统治者)。“讽谕说”由汉代学者解释《诗经》时总结提出,儒家以此倡导文学对朝廷教化和社会民风的干预作用,将其视为文学的特殊使命。唐代诗人白居易大量创作讽谕诗,强化诗歌创作的社会功能,推进了这一文学传统,对后世文学创作影响很大。 The term refers to the use of allegories to convey popular mood and public
opinion and make critical comments on state affairs to the ruler in a tactful
manner in the hope to persuade him to correct wrong policies. Feng (讽)
represents making critical but persuasive comments subtly through poetry or
prose; yu (喻) means delivering an explicit message. Such literary
writing is intended to be both critical and persuasive; and it has two integral
aspects, namely, a subtle literary way of expression as required by
feng, and its social function of sending explicit messages to the ruler
as required. The theory of subtle admonition was advocated by scholars of the
Han Dynasty based on their interpretation of The Book of Songs.
Confucian scholars from then on promoted the use of subtle admonition to
influence decision-making of the ruler and social mores in a literary way. Bai
Juyi, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote many such poems, further reinforcing the
social function of poetry and advancing this literary tradition, which had great
impact on literary creation of later generations. 宣上德而尽忠孝。 或以抒下情而通讽谕,或以, ︽班固•两都赋︾ ◎有些作品表达臣民的思想感情同时也希望由此将其中的讽喻传达给君王,有些作品则是宣扬君主的恩德同时引导臣民克尽忠孝义务。◎ Some literary works use subtle admonition to convey what the subjects think and
feel, in the hope that the subtle advice could reach the ruler, whereas other
works expound the kindness and benevolence of the ruler so as to guide the
populace to fulfilling their duties and obligations. (Ban Gu: Preface to
Essays on Chang’an and Luoyang) 下以存炯戒,通讽谕。 系国风;上以纫王教,古之为文者,白居易
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◎古人写文章,往大了说是为了阐明朝廷教化与社会民风的关联;往小了说是保存谏戒、传达讽喻。◎ Writings by ancient scholars could be said that at a higher level they aimed at
explaining some kind of link between the ideas of the ruling court and popular
sentiment in society. At a more practical level, they sent a clear message of
advice to the rulers through allegories. (Bai Juyi: Collection of Essays in
Preparation for the Final Round of the Imperial Exam)