美国如何监管人工智能?
* “中美友好互信合作计划”是由复旦发展研究院和丰实集团共同打造的中美关系研究的学术平台
引言
美国高度重视人工智能对国家安全的影响
美国人工智能法案与执行体系
1
核心联邦法案
2
其他联邦法案
3
联邦执行机构
如何评价美国人工智能监管体系的发展?
致谢
作者感谢复旦大学人文社会学科传世之作学术精品研究项目“构建经济发展的国家理论”(XM04221238)、复旦大学发展研究院2024年度“国家发展动力”项目、上海市“超级博士后”激励计划和复旦平安宏观经济研究中心对本研究的支持。
1 参会的七家公司是亚马逊、Anthropic、谷歌、Inflection、Meta、微软和OpenAI。
2 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/Chief Financial Officer, Defense Budget Overview:
United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2023 Budget Request, April 2022, p. 4-7,
https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/FY2023/ FY2023_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf; and GAO, Artificial Intelligence: Status of Developing and Acquiring Capabilities for Weapon Systems, GAO-22-104965, February 2022, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-104765.pdf./
3 Department of Defense, Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy, p. 3, https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/ Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf; and Marcus Weisgerber, “The Pentagon’s New Algorithmic Warfare Cell Gets Its First Mission: Hunt ISIS,” Defense One, May 14, 2017, http://www.defenseone.com/ technology/2017/05/pentagons-new-algorithmic-warfare-cell-gets-its-first-mission-hunt-isis/137833/.
4 DOD, Summary of the 2018 Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy, 2018, https://media.defense.gov/ 2019/Feb/12/2002088963/-1/-1/1/SUMMARY-OF-DOD-AI-STRATEGY.PDF.
5 ODNI, The AIM Initiative: a Strategy for Augmenting Intelligence Using Machines , January 16, 2019, https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/AIM-Strategy.pdf; ODNI, Principles of Artificial Intelligence Ethics for the Intelligence Community, https://www.intelligence.gov/principles-of-artificial-intelligence-ethics-for-theintelligence-community; and ODNI, Artificial Intelligence Ethics Framework for the Intelligence Community, June 2020, https://www.intelligence.gov/artificial-intelligence-ethics-framework-for-the-intelligence-community.
6 Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Federal Register 75191, November 1, 2023, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/ safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
7 House - Science, Space, and Technology, “H.R.6216 - National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020,” March 12, 2020, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6216.
8 House - Appropriations and Senate – Appropriations. “H.R.4346 - Chips and Science Act,” August 9, 2022, https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/4346.
9 Senate - Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. “S.2991 - Countering Human Trafficking Act of 2021,” December 17, 2022, https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2991.
10 Senate - Commerce, Science, and Transportation. “S.2904 - IOGAN Act,” December 23, 2020, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/2904.
11 House - Oversight and Reform. “H.R.2575 - AI in Government Act of 2020,” September 15, 2020, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2575.
12 Senate - Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. “S.2551 - AI Training Act,” October 7, 2022, https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2551.
13 European Commission. “AI Act,” March 13, 2024, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai.
14 Senate - Commerce, Science, and Transportation. “S.3572 - Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2022,” February 3, 2022, https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/3572.
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