突破高考英语长难句
在高考英语试题中，考生会遇到很多长难句，因此考生在平时的英语学习过程中必须突破长难句理解这一关，才能在高考英语中取得优异成绩。长难句通常是作者为了表达的需要，给主句添加许多附属成分（包含非谓语形式）、并列成分和使用大量的(clauses)分句。分句包含并列关系、主从关系和两者的结合——并列中有主从关系，主从中有并列关系（复杂分句结构）。因此长难句的理解首先抓主干，然后找连词，分析分句之间的逻辑关系，遵循由主到从的理解顺序，把复杂的句子变成简单句来理解，难度自然就降低了。具体方法如下：
1、带有较多附属成分的简单句。简单句的主干部分主谓（宾）可以是多个并列的主语、谓语或宾语，主谓（宾）可以有多个附属修饰成分（定语、状语和同位语等），还可能有插入语等。如：
Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the tooth paste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations aswell as the specific women’s magazines to be used.
【解析】 在这个有30多个词的简单句中，句首用了现在分词的完成式Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines作时间状语，动词chosen后有并列宾语family television programs and women’s magazines；the toothpaste marketer是主语，中间for instance是插入语，must select是谓语，the exact television programs and stations aswell as the specific women’s magazines是三个并列宾语；句末不定式to be used修饰宾语the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines。
【理解】例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。
2、含有多个分句的并列句。通过标点符号和并列连词分解出每个分句，变成简单句来理解。如：
Discrimination(歧视) isn’t their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因)develops symptoms(症状)during middle age， and doctors can do nothing to help.
【解析】三个分句均为简单句，分别用分号和and连接。第二个分句用动名词短语almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因)做主语，develops是谓语，symptoms(症状)是宾语，during middle age是时间状语。
【理解】担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑，几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显现出来，而医生对此却无能为力。
3、含有多个分句的主从句。首先要找出主句，然后根据从属连词分解出不同种类的从句，按层次理解。如：
His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.
【解析】His journey to the e-mail hell是主句的主语，began是谓语，innocently（无知地） enough是方式状语，连词when引导时间状语从句，主语是he，其前as chairman of Computer Associates International，是he的同位语，a software company是Computer Associates International的同位语；heard是谓语，how是连词，引导宾语从句（感叹句结构）how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.做谓语动词heard的宾语。
【理解】他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长，他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司新的电子邮件系统。
4. 复杂分句结构。在各个分句之间，并列中有主从关系，主从中有并列关系，就构成了复杂分句结构。分析复杂分句结构的关键是抓住主干成分（主谓结构）和连词，分析分句之间的逻辑关系，遵循由主到从的理解顺序，把复杂的句子变成简单句来理解。如：
However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them.
【解析】However是插入语，those of us是主句的主语，其后由关系代词who引导定语从句who are parents of children in this age group修饰主语；know是主句的谓语，其后连词that … andthat引导两个并列的宾语从句that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生)graduate with the belief；在第二个宾语从句中the belief之后是连词that引导的同位语从句，说明the belief的具体内容。
【理解】然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道，这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。
5. 省略、倒装和分隔现象。阅读理解中常常会出现省略、倒装和分隔现象。省略结构可用补全法，即把缺的句子成分补充出来；倒装结构可用还原法，即把语序还原成正常的语序；分隔结构可用归位法，即把分隔的内容放回到所修饰的词后面。如：
Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast.
【解析】主句的主语是I，其前Having collected and evaluated the information是现在分词的完成式做时间状语；谓语是help，宾语是other scientists，不定式短语to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast.是宾语补足语，在不定式短语中，动词后由连词where… andhow 引导两个宾语从句，第二个宾语从句是感叹句，用了省略结构，补充完整为how fast lava from the volcano will flow。
【理解】搜集和评价这些信息之后，我帮助其他科学家预测接下来火山的熔岩会流向何处，以及流速有多快。
又如：
Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have$5,000 in loans(贷款) after four years — loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.
【解析】分析本句应抓住其关键结构：it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。it是形式主语，动词不定式的复合结构for a student to have $5,000 inloans(贷款) after four years是真正的主语，不定式的逻辑主语a student。要注意not unusual是双重否定，实际表示肯定含义。特别要注意连词even if让步状语从句even ifhe works part time at college and full time during the summer被插在不定式结构中，产生了分离现象，增加了考生的理解难度。只需把让步状语从句放回到句首，理解难度就不大了。另外，破折号后loans是同位语，that是关系代词，引导定语从句that he must start to repay within one year after graduation修饰先行词loans。
【理解】一个学生即使在上课期间做兼职工作，在暑假期间做全职工作，四年下来他仍会欠下5，000美元学费贷款。而这笔钱必须在毕业后一年内开始偿还。这样的事现在已经是很平常了。
长难句的理解不仅仅出现在阅读理解题型中，其他题型也经常出现。如：
2018年全国二卷语法填空题：
The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government 68 (start) a soil-testing program 69 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【解析】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture是主语，finds是谓语，连词that引导宾语从句that between 2005 … and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons。宾语从句中between 2005 … and 2011是时间状语，破折号中间是关系副词when引导的定语从句，修饰先行词2005，由于2005是过去一点时间，所以68空应该填过去时started。在定语从句中，program是先行词，69空后是定语从句，先行词program在定语从句中指物做主语，应该用关系代词that/which引导。
【理解】中国农业部发现，2005年中国政府开始实施土壤测试项目，该项目（根据测试）向农民推荐具体使用什么化肥，从那时到2011年， 化肥使用量减少了七百七十万吨。
在分析句子成分时，应特别注意下列几点：
1、句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句子结构分析；
2、是否有同位语和插入语；
3、判断并列成分的层次；
4、替代词的所指对象；
5、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象；
6、在分句多的句子中，注意分句中又包含分句的现象；
7、非谓语动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析；
8、在有多个分句的复杂句子结构中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或某个词语的修饰语。
Practice makes perfect.
阅读理解长难句理解专题练习：
1. I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our non-renewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.
2. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.
3. They also found that the bus conductor hada major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行为），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.
4. Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
5. If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like“Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
6. Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
7. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.
8. What emerges(浮现) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.
9. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.
10. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime.
阅读理解长难句理解专题练习解析：
1. I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our non-renewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.
【解析】主句的主语是I，谓语是can’t live，in fear of the possibility是方式状语。在方式状语中，that是连词，引导同位语从句that … our children may have to lead poorer lives.，说明the possibility的内容。在同位语从句中，as是连词，引导两个并列的原因状语从句as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our non-renewable(不能再生的) resources。
【理解】我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。
2. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.
【解析】but是并列连词，前后分句之间是转折关系。在第二个分句中，that是连词，引导同位语从句that …change was unavoidable。在同位语从句中，whether…是连词，引导让步状语从句whether I liked it or not。
【理解】 我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。
3. They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行为），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.
【解析】 and是并列连词，连接前后两个并列分句。在前一个并列分句中，that是连词，引导宾语从句that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行为）；在后一个并列分句中，he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares是定语从句，修饰先行词times，定语从句前省略了关系词that或when。
【理解】他们还发现公交车售票员在防止发生故意破坏方面发挥了重要的作用。当售票员到双层公交车的上层收费时，破坏行为就不常发生。
4. Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
【解析】whereas是连词，引导让步状语从句a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,，主句是it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say …，主句中，it为形式主语，真正的主语为动词不定式短语to hear a man say …。动词不定式后say是宾语补足语，say后he didn’t know …是省略了连词that的宾语从句。宾语从句中his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble是动词know省略了连词that 的宾语从句。最后一个分句是连词until引导的时间状语从句until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep onthe sofa，其主句是say是宾语从句he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble。
【理解】女性最亲密朋友总是第一时间被告知她的婚姻走到尽头，而男性朋友总是直到他出现在面前询问是否可以在朋友的沙发上过夜的时候才知道他现在的婚姻出问题了。
5. If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like“Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
【解析】连词but连接前后两个并列分句。前一个分句中包含一个连词if引导的条件状语从句If you ask people to name one person…，条件状语从句中包含一个关系代词who引导的定语从句who had the greatest effect on the English language，修饰先行词one person。后一个分句中，过去分词短语compared to a man …用作方式状语，在方式状语中包含一个关系代词who引导的定语从句who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror，修饰先行词a man，William是a man的同位语，the Conqueror是William的同位语。
【理解】如果你现在问人们谁对英语产生的影响最大，你会得到像“Shakespeare,”“Samuel Johnson,”和“Webster”等答案。但是以上这三人对英语的影响都无法和一位甚至英语都不会讲的征服者—— William相比。
6. Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
【解析】主句的主语是Pasteur，谓语是discovered，其后的连词第一个that引导的是宾语从句that heating the wine gently for a few minutes … would kill off the yeast。在宾语从句中heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast 是动名词短语做主语，动名词短语中包含一个连词after引导的状语从句after it had fermented，修饰动词heating。宾语从句中的宾语the yeast后是关系代词that引导的定语从句that was left in the wine，修饰先行词the yeast。with the result…是介词短语作结果状语，介词的宾语the result后是连词that引导的同位语从句that the wine would remain fresh for much longer。
【理解】Pasteur发现，在葡萄酒发酵后，缓慢加热酒几分钟，就能够杀死残留在酒中的酵母，结果葡萄酒就会很长时间地保持新鲜。
7. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.
【解析】At the conference in San Francisco是地点状语，Donald Louria是主句的主语，a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark是DonaldLouria的同位语，said是谓语，后面advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely …是省略了连词that的宾语从句，做谓语said的宾语。宾语从句中，advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术)是主语，make是谓语，it是形式宾语，likely是宾语补足语，连词that引导真正的宾语从句that humans will live in the future beyond what has beenpossible in the past。在这个宾语从句中，beyond what has been possible in the past是介词短语做方式状语，在方式状语中，连词what引导宾语从句what has been possible in the past做介词beyond的宾语。
【理解】在旧金山的会议上,位于纽瓦克的新泽西医学院的教授唐纳德•罗利亚说,基因利用以及纳米技术的进步使人类未来的寿命有可能延长到从前不可能达到的地步。
8. What emerges(浮现) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.
【解析】连词What引导主语从句What emerges做主句在主语，is a picture of an environment是系表结构做谓语。关系副词where引导引导定语从句the emphasis is on managing the technology…rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace，修饰先行词an environment。该句中介词on后有三个动词-ing形式短语作其宾语，分别为：managing，promoting和providing。在这个定语从句中，连词as引导原因状语从句修饰managing。
【理解】这就勾勒出了这样一种工作环境，在这种环境中，只重视科技手段对员工工作的监视作用，而不考虑提高客户服务质量和提高公平的工作场所。
9. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.
【解析】the theorem是主句的主语，其前First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century是过去分词短语做时间状语，其中，Pierrede Format是the French mathematician的同位语。had baffled and beaten是主句的并列谓语，the finest mathematical minds是主句的宾语。including a French woman scientist …是介词短语做定语。在这个定语中，关系代词who…and who …引导两个定语从句who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique，修饰先行词.a French woman scientist。在第二个定语从句中，in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique是不定式短语做目的状语。
【理解】这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装以便能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。
10. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers,although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime.
【解析】主句是It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers，其中It是形式主语，动词不定式短语to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers是真正的主语，介词短语as a result of use of Internet-connected computers是原因状语。连词although引导让步状语从句although just about anyone …can tell you …。在这个让步状语从句中，主语anyone后是关系代词who引导的定语从句who works in an office，修饰先行词anyone，谓语can tell后是间接宾语you，然后是连词that引导的宾语从句that…the printers start working overtime做直接宾语。在这个宾语从句中，包含一个由连词when引导的时间状语从句when e-mail is introduced。
【理解】由于因特网的使用，计算所使用纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人都能告诉你，在引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。
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