图 | 丰子恺《人散后,一钩新月天如水》 1.附加意义不同的普通词汇 英语和汉语中语义对应的一对词,其附加意义和语用意义不一定相同。如汉语的“月”和英语的“moon”,指称意义相同,但“月”所具有的丰富的附加义和语用意义,如“团圆”“冰轮”“但愿人长久,千里共婵娟”以及引人发思古之幽情、思乡之愁绪等功能,是“moon”所缺乏的。 蝙蝠因为谐音,被汉民族当成吉祥物,在英语文化中,它是吸血鬼的象征。因此“蝙蝠迎宾”意译为“Birds Welcoming the Guests”更加稳妥。 更多的例子如: (1)孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人……(鲁迅《孔乙己》)Kung was the only long- gowned customer to drink his own standing…Note:Long gowns were usually worn only by the gentry at the turn of 20th century in China.(直译加注) (2)倩绘一像,一手挽红丝,一手携杖悬姻缘簿,……(沈复《浮生六记》)It was a picture of the Old Man holding,in one hand,a red silk thread(for the purpose of binding together the hearts of all couples)and,in the other,a walking- stick with the Book of Matrimony suspended from it…(林语堂译)(直译加注) (3)赵爷今年五十九,两个儿子,四个孙子,老两个夫妻齐眉,只却是个布衣。(吴敬梓《儒林外史》)Dr.Chao is fifty- nine this year and has two sons and four grandsons while his wife has grown old with him:he is still an ordinary citizen.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)(意译) (4)那日从学里师爷家迎了回来,小舍人头上戴着方巾,身上披着大红绸,……(吴敬梓《儒林外史》)The day that young Gu was welcomed back from the school he wore a scholar' s cap and a broad red silk sash…(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)(意译) 2.象征意义不同的颜色词汇 色彩对人常具有心理暗示的作用。颜色在汉语和英语中的心理象征义有许多相同之处,如绿色都代表生命、希望,黑色都有肃穆、庄重之意。不过,在文化象征上,汉语和英语对颜色的理解却有着许多区别。 例如在中国,黄色代表皇权,在西方却用紫色表示高贵;蓝色在英语中象征和平、安静、忠诚、忧郁、高雅(true blue,blue comedy,blueblood)等,在汉语中却没有类似的象征寓意。对于含有文化和心理色彩的颜色词,译者应充分理解原语词的文化与语言内涵,尽可能在译入语中寻找最大的切合点。需要特别注意的是要避免颜色词语直译后可能引起的误解。 例如,黑社会译成“black society”可能会被误解为“黑人社会”,红衣女人若译为“scarlet woman”其实是指“妓女”。 更多的例子如: (1)不分青红皂白Unable to distinguish black from white(意译) (2)父亲气得脸都发了青,就在客厅里来回走,弃儿弃儿地,像要把地球都踩烂了似的。(柯灵《柯灵文集》)Black with anger,my father paced the floor of the living room,which creaked under his feet as if he were determined to tread the earth to powder.(直译) (3)她知道自己很美,是那种男孩子见了要行注目礼,女孩子见了要嫉妒得眼红的美。She was well aware of her own beauty,the kind of beauty that would demand eye tribute from boys and turn other girls green with envy.(直译) (4)你红光满面。Your face is glowing with health and energy.(意译) (5)他全身青一块紫一块,气都喘不过来。He was black and blue all over and unable to breathe.(直译) (6)红日当空照,金光射九霄。The yellow sun shines bright from the zenith of the sky,its golden rays illuminating the entire world.(直译)