团簇——构造新世界的超原子
|作者:郭宇1 刘志锋2 赵纪军1,†
(1 大连理工大学物理学院 )
(2 内蒙古大学物理科学与技术学院 )
本文选自《物理》2022年第8期
摘要 团簇是介于微观原子、分子与宏观凝聚态之间的物质结构新层次,具有确定的原子数量和精确可控的几何与电子结构。某些特定的稳定团簇具有类似单个原子的特性,因此可看作“超原子”进行功能精确可控的材料组装与器件设计。文章以富勒烯团簇、金属掺杂Si/Ge团簇、八面体[M6E8]团簇和As团簇为例,重点介绍近年来团簇组装结构的实验和理论研究进展,探讨团簇组装对团簇物理、化学性质的调控作用,并对本领域存在的问题与发展思路进行了展望。
关键词 团簇,超原子,组装结构,物性调控
图1 (a)C60组装的准四方相的单晶结构[12];(b)1和2共组装的纳米管的形成以及1纳米管的壁结构的示意图[16],该纳米管包含C60簇(橙色)的电子传输层和π堆积的HBC单元的空穴传输石墨状层(蓝色),其中1为HBC衍生物与 C60的组装体,2为没有连接C60的HBC衍生物;(c)非配位的富勒烯充当二维金属有机框架结构[24]
图2 (a) V@Si12团簇组装的六角孔状和六角蜂窝状二维本征铁磁体[34];(b) Ta@Si16沉积在 C60衬底的 XPS 宽谱扫描,其中左插图为相应的结构图,右插图是针对 Ta 的 4f 和 Si 的 2p 峰的 XPS 扫描[40];(c) Cs2[Ti@Ge16]的原子结构、自旋密度(左图)和能带结构(右图)[41]
图4 (a)超原子掺杂后的 h-BN/WSe2 异质结构器件的示意图[50];(b)团簇晶体[Co6E8(PEt3)6][C60]2的几何结构[53];(c)费米能级附近[Co6E8(PEt3)6][C60]2两个极端态的态密度示意图[54];(d)体系在栅压下的单向狄拉克载流子电流示意图[54]
图5 (a)零维[As7]3-的结构(左图)和K3As7团簇的结构及其前线轨道(右图)[56];(b)一维[K-crypt]2[As7Cr(CO)3Cs]3的组装结构[57];(c)沿a 轴由Cs+连接的[Au2(As7)2]4−二维蜂窝状层状结构[56];(d)[Cs3][As7]的三维组装材料[56]
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