捍卫《联合国宪章》和多边主义！
多边主义与外交促进和平
Multilateralism and Diplomacy for Peace
联合国安理会四月轮值主席国俄罗斯的常驻联合国代表团日前组织了一场部长级高级别公开辩论，主题是——维护国际和平与安全：通过捍卫《联合国宪章》各项原则有效践行多边主义。俄罗斯外长拉夫罗夫亲自出席并主持辩论会。
联合国秘书长古特雷斯在安理会致辞中指出，世界多边体系正承受着自联合国成立以来前所未有的压力，需要迅速采取行动“做得更好、更快”，利用《联合国宪章》和现有工具为所有人增强安全和繁荣。
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古特雷斯
需要大胆而迅速的行动
古特雷斯呼吁会员国遵守其义务，使用现有工具和平解决争端，并填补全球治理的空白，以兑现《宪章》的承诺。
他表示，安理会理事国，特别是常任理事国（中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国和美国），有责任“让多边主义发挥作用，而不是助长分裂”。
他说：“我们必须合作；必须调整多边机构并在最需要的地方培养信任。紧迫的全球挑战需要大胆而迅速的行动。”
世界面临着前所未有的相互关联的危机。大国之间的紧张局势处于历史高位，因厄运或误判而发生冲突的风险也在增加。现在是深化合作和加强多边机构、为共同挑战找到共同解决方案的时候了。
——联合国秘书长 安东尼奥·古特雷斯
集体应对共同危机
眼下紧迫的全球挑战包括解决俄罗斯违反《宪章》和国际法对乌克兰的入侵，由新冠疫情引发的全球经济混乱，以及在缅甸、萨赫勒、索马里、刚果民主共和国和其他地区的冲突。
与此同时，世界正在目睹气候危机加深、不平等加剧、恐怖主义威胁增加、人权和性别平等在全球范围内出现倒退以及危险技术不受监管地发展。
古特雷斯秘书长指出，迫切需要采取有效的多边应对措施来预防和解决冲突、管理经济不确定性、挽救可持续发展目标并应对反对使用和拥有核武器的全球规范的挑战。
©联合国图片 | 游客在联合国游客区留下祝愿世界和平的题字
“需要做得更好、更快”
古特雷斯在发言中指明：“所有这些全球挑战只能通过尊重国际法、遵守全球承诺和采用适当的多边治理框架来解决。”
他说：“我们需要做得更好、走得更远、工作得更快。这必须从各国重新承诺履行《联合国宪章》规定的义务开始，将人权和尊严放在首位，并将预防冲突和危机作为优先事项。”
多边主义：联合国“跳动的心脏”
古特雷斯强调，“联合国是为应对危机而创建的”，并指出在其整个历史中，联合国已经克服了各种看似棘手的冲突和深刻的分歧。必须以史为鉴，找到前进的方向并立即采取行动，从而阻止陷入混乱和冲突。
他回顾了过去的成就，包括防止第三次世界大战、帮助80个国家实现非殖民化、制定推进外交和发展的工具。他表示，从臭氧层到消除脊髓灰质炎的全球问题多边解决方案，都是“经过试验、检验和验证而有效的”。
虽然国家之间的竞争不可避免，但这不应排除在共同利益和更大利益受到威胁时进行合作。他补充道：“如果没有各国作为一个多边人类大家庭站在一起，就不可能取得这些进展，这使得今天的局势更加危险。”他强调，“多边合作是联合国跳动的心脏，是其存在的理由和指导愿景。”
©联合国图片 | 加强多边主义是所有人迈向和平世界的唯一途径
上下滑动阅读
古特雷斯秘书长安理会公开辩论讲话全文
Mr. President,
Allow me to start my remarks with a few words on Sudan, where the situation continues to worsen. Since the start of fighting on 15 April, hundreds of people have been killed and thousands injured.
The violence must stop. It risks a catastrophic conflagration within Sudan that could engulf the whole region and beyond.
I strongly condemn the indiscriminate bombardment of civilian areas, including healthcare facilities. I call on the parties to stop combat operations in densely populated areas and to allow unhindered humanitarian aid operations. Civilians must be able to access food, water and other essential supplies, and evacuate from combat zones.
I am in constant contact with the parties to the conflict and have called on them to de-escalate tensions and to return to the negotiating table.
We will continue our efforts with our partners to secure a permanent halt to the fighting as soon as possible.
Working with humanitarian organizations on the ground, we are reconfiguring our presence in Sudan to enable us to continue supporting the Sudanese people.
Let me be clear: the United Nations is not leaving Sudan. Our commitment is to the Sudanese people, in support of their wishes for a peaceful and secure future. We stand with them at this terrible time.
I have authorized the temporary relocation both inside and outside Sudan of some United Nations personnel, and of families.
I call on all Council members to exert maximum leverage with the parties to end the violence, restore order and return to the path of the democratic transition.
We must all do everything within our power to pull Sudan back from the edge of the abyss.
Mr. President,
Thank you for convening the Security Council today around the important issue of effective multilateralism.
Multilateral cooperation is the beating heart of the United Nations; its raison d’être and guiding vision.
The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 represented humanity’s best attempt to prevent any repetition of the horrors of two world wars and the Holocaust. Over the past 78 years, the multilateral system has held together and delivered some notable successes.
The tools and mechanisms established by the Charter have played their part in averting a third world war.
Peacemaking and preventive diplomacy by the United Nations have helped end conflicts around the world.
United Nations peacekeeping operations have helped societies move away from conflict, saving perhaps millions of lives.
Our disarmament and non-proliferation efforts have helped to confine nuclear weapons to a handful of states.
The United Nations was central to the decolonization process and the independence of 80 former colonies – today members of the United Nations.
We have helped to advance economic and social progress, and contributed to reducing poverty and hunger, eradicating diseases and building recognition and respect for fundamental human rights.
The global humanitarian system coordinated by the United Nations saves millions of lives each year.
Multilateral solutions to global problems, from the ozone layer to the eradication of polio, are tried, tested, and proven to work.
None of this progress would have been possible without countries standing together, as a multilateral human family.
Which makes today’s situation all the more dangerous.
We face unprecedented and interlocking crises. But the multilateral system is under greater strain than at any time since the creation of the United Nations.
Tensions between major powers are at an historic high. So are the risks of conflict, through misadventure or miscalculation.
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, in violation of the United Nations Charter and international law, is causing massive suffering and devastation to the country and its people, and adding to the global economic dislocation triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Elsewhere, conflicts grind on, from Myanmar to the Sahel, from Somalia to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and beyond. The situation in Sudan now threatens to destabilize the entire region.
While there are some promising developments in Yemen and Libya, more than 100 million people have fled their homes to escape violence, conflict and persecution around the world.
Effective multilateral responses are urgently needed to prevent and resolve conflicts, manage economic uncertainty, rescue the Sustainable Development Goals, and address challenges to the global norms against the use and possession of nuclear weapons.
We are witnessing a deepening climate crisis, soaring inequalities, a rising threat from terrorism, a global pushback against human rights and gender equality, and the unregulated development of dangerous technologies.
All these global challenges can only be solved through respect for international law, adherence to global commitments, and the adoption of appropriate frameworks of multilateral governance.
Mr. President, Excellencies,
As difficult as the past year has been, I am heartened that Members States have made progress in several crucial areas.
A binding treaty on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity was finalized.
COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh achieved a breakthrough in addressing loss and damage caused by climate change.
The General Assembly recognized the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment.
These developments are important, and their effects could be far-reaching.
The Black Sea Grain Initiative and the Memorandum of Understanding to facilitate the export of Russian food and fertilizers are compelling examples of the significance of multilateral cooperation facilitated by the United Nations.
They clearly demonstrate that such cooperation is essential to creating greater security and prosperity for all, and I urge their continued implementation.
But we need to do better, go further, and work faster.
That must start with countries recommitting to their obligations under the United Nations Charter, putting human rights and dignity first, and prioritizing the prevention of conflict and crises.
The principles enshrined in the United Nations Charter and reinforced in the Declaration on Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States—respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of all states, non-interference in the affairs of other states, the elimination of all forms of discrimination, and the peaceful settlement of disputes—are bulwarks against uncertainty and fragmentation.
They are the foundation of all international cooperation to end conflicts, save lives, protect human rights, and promote social and economic progress.
Second, I urge Member States to use the full range of diplomatic tools that the UN Charter provides for the peaceful resolution of conflicts.
These include the use of my Good Offices to help resolve disputes and secure peace.
Third, effective multilateralism must include a commitment to tackling new and emerging challenges and filling gaps in global governance to achieve the promise of the Charter in the 21st century.
This is the driving force behind my report on Our Common Agenda, including the proposed New Agenda for Peace.
The New Agenda for Peace will offer a unifying vision anchored in trust, universality, and solidarity.
It will address all forms and domains of threats, taking a holistic view of the peace continuum, from prevention, peacemaking, and peacekeeping to peacebuilding and sustainable development.
It will underline preventive action as a priority at all levels.
Our Common Agenda envisions a multilateralism that is more inclusive, with space for the contributions of all countries and communities, and more networked, with strong links between the United Nations family, international financial institutions, regional organizations, trading blocs and others.
Member States are in the lead on adapting intergovernmental organs to meet changing needs. A majority now acknowledge that the Security Council itself would benefit from reforms that reflect today’s geopolitical reality.
The same is true for the Bretton Woods institutions. They do not reflect the reality of today’s global economy.
The High-level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism that I appointed last year has identified a number of transformational shifts to address peace and security challenges, growing economic inequalities, the triple planetary crisis of climate, biodiversity and pollution, and a widening digital divide.
I hope their report will make a significant contribution to our collective reflection in the lead-up to the Summit of the Future next year.
I count on your engagement and support in preparations for the Summit.
Mr. President, Excellencies,
Our institution was created for crisis. Throughout its history, the United Nations has overcome seemingly intractable conflicts and deep divisions.
We must find a way forward and act now, as we have done before, to stop the slide towards chaos and conflict.
It is time to deepen cooperation and to strengthen multilateral institutions, to find common solutions to common challenges.
Members of this Council, particularly those that enjoy the privilege of serving permanently, have a particular responsibility to make multilateralism work, rather than contribute to its dismemberment.
Competition between states is inevitable. But that should not rule out cooperation where shared interests and the greater good are at stake.
And when competition escalates to confrontation, the multilateral system, founded on the Charter and international law, is the most effective means to manage disputes peacefully.
We must cooperate.
We must adapt multilateral institutions and foster trust where it is most needed.
The urgency of global challenges demands bold and swift action.
Thank you.
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俄罗斯
解决“强权即正义”问题
俄罗斯外交部长拉夫罗夫提请注意会议的概念说明，其中指出一些利益攸关方“正在努力维护单极世界秩序，强加“强权即正义”的原则，并试图用“基于规则的秩序”取代国际法的普遍准则。
拉夫罗夫在以国家身份发言时说：“我们已经达到了一个危险的门槛。需要摒弃双重标准。在国际舞台上推进西方规则正在扼杀多边主义。成功的关键是齐心协力。”他认为，真正的多边主义需要在联合国进行重大变革，包括改革安理会以更准确地代表全球格局。
谈到乌克兰局势时，拉夫罗夫表示，国际关系将继续通过利益平衡或他所说的美国霸权和对“基辅政权”的支持来被塑造。在这方面，他敦促联合国秘书长确保工作人员遵守公正原则。
俄罗斯4月接任联合国安理会轮值主席，拉夫罗夫24日和25日在纽约出席安理会会议。俄罗斯方面称，随行记者直到俄代表团启程也未拿到赴美签证，因而俄外长此行没有随行记者，美方也未就此事作出任何解释。拉夫罗夫向俄记者保证，俄罗斯“不会忘记，也不会原谅”美国的行为。
他同时还介绍了违反《联合国宪章》的行为，包括美国对1945年日本原子弹爆炸的责任，以及对伊拉克的干预在整个中东地区和其他地区引发了恐怖主义，他敦促美国作为联合国的东道国，遵守义务并迅速发放有关人员签证。
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美国
“世界需要有效的联合国”
美国常驻联合国代表格林菲尔德特别就俄、乌问题在安理会发言中强调，“今天是乌克兰，但明天可能是另一个国家。”她指出，俄罗斯的这种入侵是当初起草《宪章》的首要原因之一，俄罗斯试图重新划定国际边界违反了商定的原则。
她拿着一份《联合国宪章》说：“这本小小的蓝皮书阐明了我们的宗旨和原则。”然而，乌克兰冲突与商定的原则背道而驰，而世界则将硬着头皮面对她所描述的下一场暴行和战争。
格林菲尔德表示，“世界需要一个有效的联合国”，尽管国际体系不完善，但《宪章》原则有助于防止核扩散和暴行，同时使10多亿人摆脱贫困。
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中国
一个世界秩序
©联合国资料图片 | 中国常驻联合国代表张军
中国常驻联合国代表张军在发言中表示，世界正站在历史的十字路口。人类社会面临前所未有的全球性挑战，霸权霸凌行径给世界带来深重危害，集团政治正在制造巨大的分裂和对抗，维护联合国宪章的紧迫性、重要性进一步上升。
当前最需要的是，各国践行真正的多边主义，在联合国旗帜下加强团结，提升全球治理体系有效性，实现共同安全，促进共同发展，开辟共同未来。
第一，必须坚定捍卫联合国宪章的权威
第二，必须坚定维护以国际法为基础的国际秩序
第三，必须保障各国平等参与国际事务
第四，必须抵制违反国际法的单边制裁
多边主义与外交促进和平国际日
本次安理会公开辩论的召开正值第六个多边主义与外交促进和平国际日。2018年12月12日，联大通过决议（第A/RES/73/127号），将每年的4月24日定为多边主义与外交促进和平国际日。
正如联大决议中所强调的，这一国际日重申了《联合国宪章》及其通过和平手段解决国家间争端的原则，认可利用多边决策和外交手段和平解决国家间冲突。
《联合国宪章》指明了道路，描绘了人民和国家睦邻相处、捍卫普世价值观、承认共同未来这一美好愿景。加强多边主义意味着要以更大的决心去实现可持续发展目标，为子孙后代建设更安全而公正的世界。
维护《联合国宪章》和《2030年可持续发展议程》赖以为基础的多边主义和国际合作价值观，是推动和支持联合国三大支柱——和平与安全、发展与人权的根本。
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