8月31日Nature目录
EDITORIALS
Closureof US coal study marks an alarming precedent
The Trumpadministration has stepped up its assault on environmental protections byhalting a US$1-million study on the health risks of coal mining — casting apall on academic freedom.
Extremeweather events are the new normal
Hurricane Harveyhighlights the struggle to apply climate science.
WORLDVIEW
Keepon marching for science education
Scientists mighthave made a difference, had they protested against laws that now threaten whatcan be taught in our classrooms, argues Brandon Haught.
SEVENDAYS
AlanTuring's notes, runaway salmon and illegal gold-mining
The week inscience 25–31 August 2017.
RESEARCHHIGHLIGHTS
Europe’sX-ray laser fires up
High-speed shooter will help scientiststo make molecular movies.
Philip Ball
Legalthreat exposes gaps in climate-change planning
Australian lawsuit highlights howdifficult it is to turn global warming data into useful advice.
Nicky Phillips
USscience envoy resigns in protest at Trump policies
Energy researcher Daniel Kammen faultsUS president’s positions on climate change and energy and his failure tocondemn white supremacists.
Jeff Tollefson
Dinosaurtrio roosted together like birds
The animals seem to have died whilehuddling together 70 million years ago.
Traci Watson
Scientistssolve mystery of US Civil War submarine
Blast from Hunley’s owntorpedo probably killed its crew instantly.
Ben Upton
FEATURES
Cassini’s13 years of stunning Saturn science – in pictures
As the mission speeds towards itsconclusion, Nature takes a look at what researchers havelearnt about the planet’s moons, rings and tempest-filled skies.
Alexandra Witze
Stopblocking postdocs’ paths to success
Lab heads should let junior researcherstake their projects with them when they start their own labs — it drivesinnovation and discovery, argues Ben A. Barres.
Ben A. Barres
BOOKS ANDARTS
Artificialintelligence: The future is superintelligent
Stuart Russell weighs up a book on therisks and rewards of the AI revolution.
Stuart Russell
Booksin brief
Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week'sbest science picks.
Barbara Kiser
Economics:Messy genesis of the welfare state
Paul Cairney examines the tangledhistory of one nation's drive for social equity.
Paul Cairney
CORRESPONDENCE
Pollution:US coal plans flout mercury convention
Oladele A. Ogunseitan
Multidisciplinarity:Philanthropy research is thriving
Amir Pasic
Technology:Enlist blockchain to boost conservation
Zachary Baynham-Herd
Computationalmaterials: Open data settled in materials theory
Claudia Draxl, Francesc Illas, MatthiasScheffler
Brainsurgery: Most lobotomies were done on women
Louis-Marie Terrier, Marc Levêque,Aymeric Amelot
NEWONLINE
Cancermodels: The next best thing
A patient'stumour cells can be transplanted into a mouse to provide a model for analysisand drug testing. A panel of paediatric solid tumour models has beenextensively characterized and made freely available.
Cancer:Division hierarchy leads to cell heterogeneity
Cellulardiversity can hamper cancer treatment. Analysis of tumour cell-divisionpatterns now reveals how such heterogeneity can arise by a hierarchical patternof stem-cell divisions yielding a mosaic of different cells.
Neuroscience:From embryo mutation to adult degeneration
Mutations inembryonic blood-cell precursors called erythro-myeloid progenitors causeabnormal activation of their descendants — immune cells called microglia —leading to neurodegeneration in mice.
Fatemapping of human glioblastoma reveals an invariant stem cell hierarchy
Using uniquebarcodes for tumour cells, the authors explore the dynamics of humanglioblastoma subpopulations, and suggest that clonal heterogeneity emergesthrough stochastic fate decisions of a neutral proliferative hierarchy.
Commensalbacteria make GPCR ligands that mimic human signalling molecules
Commensalbacteria have N-acyl amide synthase genes that encode signallingmolecules (N-acyl amides) that can interact with G-protein-coupledreceptors and elicit host cellular responses similar to eukaryotic N-acylamides.
Orthotopicpatient-derived xenografts of paediatric solid tumours
A protocolproducing orthotopic patient-derived xenografts at diagnosis, recurrence, andautopsy demonstrates proof of principle for using these tumours for basic andtranslational research on paediatric solid tumours.
Earlymembers of ‘living fossil’ lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finnedfishes
High-resolutionscans of fossilized fish skulls suggest that modern ray-finned fishesoriginated later than previously thought and necessitate reconsideration of theevolution of this major vertebrate group.
Metallicmolybdenum disulfide nanosheet-based electrochemical actuators
Electrochemicalactuators based on exfoliated and restacked metallic MoS2 nanosheetelectrodes can generate mechanical force in electrolyte solution onintercalation and deintercalation of ions.
Asomatic mutation in erythro-myeloid progenitors causes neurodegenerativedisease
Braf V600E expression in resident macrophageprogenitors leads to clonal expansion of ERK-activated microglia, which causessynaptic and neuronal loss in the brain and results in lethal neurodegenerativedisease in adult mice.
Islandbiogeography of marine organisms
On marineislands, most species are good dispersers and most niches are filled byimmigration with little adaptive radiation; speciation increases over time,associated with the arrival of weak dispersers that randomly establish isolatedpopulations.
Discoveryof stimulation-responsive immune enhancers with CRISPR activation
The authors usetiled CRISPR activation for functional enhancer discovery across twoautoimmunity risk loci,CD69 and IL2RA, and identifyelements with features of stimulus-responsive enhancers, including an IL2RAenhancerthat harbours a fine-mapped autoimmunity risk variant.
NEWSAND VIEWS
Heartdisease: Putative medicines that mimic mutations
Sekar Kathiresan
Biogeochemistry:Food for early animal evolution
Andrew H. Knoll
Microbiology:The case of the mysterious messenger
Kaitlin Johnson,Scott Bailey
Astronomy:Cosmic exhumation
Steven N. Shore
Palaeoclimate:Volcanism caused ancient global warming
Katrin J.Meissner, Timothy J. Bralower
Biochemistry:A toxin that fuels metabolism
Xiaojing Liu,Jason W. Locasale
InRetrospect:The inflammasome turns 15
MohamedLamkanfi, Vishva M. Dixit
ARTICLES
TypeIII CRISPR–Cas systems produce cyclic oligoadenylate second messengers
CRISPR-associatedprotein Csm6 is activated by a cyclic oligoadenylate second messenger generatedby Cas10 activity in the CRISPR type III interference complex, representing anovel mechanism of CRISPR interference.
Ole Niewoehner,Carmela Garcia-Doval, Jakob T. Rostøl et al.
Mammalsdivert endogenous genotoxic formaldehyde into one-carbon metabolism
The mechanism bywhich formaldehyde, a potent DNA and protein crosslinking agent, is generatedfrom folate is described, with implications for the treatment of certaincancers.
GuillermoBurgos-Barragan, Niek Wit, Johannes Meiser et al.
Identificationof essential genes for cancer immunotherapy
The authorsdescribe a two-cell-type CRISPR screen to identify tumour-intrinsic genes thatregulate the sensitivity of cancer cells to effector T cell function.
Shashank J.Patel, Neville E. Sanjana, Rigel J. Kishton et al.
LETTERS
Molecularmachines open cell membranes
Rotary molecularmachines, activated by ultraviolet light, are able to perturb and drill intocell membranes in a controllable manner, and more efficiently than thoseexhibiting flip-flopping or random motion.
Víctor García-López,Fang Chen, Lizanne G. Nilewski et al.
Verylarge release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene ThermalMaximum
Boron and carbonisotope data, used in an Earth system model, show that the Palaeocene–EoceneThermal Maximum was associated with a much greater release of carbon thanthought, probably triggered by volcanism in the North Atlantic.
Marcus Gutjahr,Andy Ridgwell, Philip F. Sexton et al.
Therise of algae in Cryogenian oceans and the emergence of animals
Steroid biomarkersprovide evidence for a rapid rise of marine planktonic algae between 659 and645 million years ago, establishing more efficient energy transfers and drivingecosystems towards larger and increasingly complex organisms.
Jochen J.Brocks, Amber J. M. Jarrett, Eva Sirantoine et al.
Proper-motionage dating of the progeny of Nova Scorpii AD 1437
The re-discoveryof the binary star system that created the Nova Scorpii AD 1437stellar outburst shows that it is now a dwarf nova, suggesting that novasystems spend some time as dwarf novae in between larger outbursts.
M. M. Shara, K.Iłkiewicz, J. Mikołajewska et al.
Feedbackregulation of steady-state epithelial turnover and organ size
Steady-stateturnover of the Drosophila midgut arises through anintercellular, E-cadherin–EGFR relay that couples the death of individualenterocytes to the divisions of nearby stem cells.
Jackson Liang,Shruthi Balachandra, Sang Ngo et al.
HumaniPS cell-derived dopaminergic neurons function in a primate Parkinson’s diseasemodel
In a preclinicalstudy, dopaminergic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cellswere implanted into a primate model of Parkinson’s disease, where they werefound to exhibit long-term survival, function as mid-brain dopaminergicneurons, and increase spontaneous movements.
TetsuhiroKikuchi, Asuka Morizane, Daisuke Doi et al.
Homeostaticcontrol of metabolic and functional fitness of Treg cells byLKB1 signalling
The tumoursuppressor liver kinase B1 (LKB1) regulates the metabolic and functionalfitness of regulatory T cells in the control of immune tolerance andhomeostasis.
Kai Yang, DanielBastardo Blanco, Geoffrey Neale et al.
Magneticantiskyrmions above room temperature in tetragonal Heusler materials
Antiskyrmions,in which the magnetization rotates both as a transverse helix and as a cycloid,are found in acentric tetragonal Heusler compounds over a wide range oftemperatures.
Ajaya K. Nayak,Vivek Kumar, Tianping Ma et al.
Fastautomated analysis of strong gravitational lenses with convolutional neuralnetworks
Estimates ofparameters of strong gravitational lenses are obtained in an automated wayusing convolutional neural networks, with similar accuracy and greatly improvedspeed compared to previous methods.
Yashar D.Hezaveh, Laurence Perreault Levasseur, Philip J. Marshall
Lhx6-positiveGABA-releasing neurons of the zona incerta promote sleep
GABAergic Lhx6+ neuronsin the ventral zona incerta promote both rapid eye movement and non-rapid eyemovement sleep and inhibit the activity of wake-promoting GABAergic and Hcrt+ neuronsof the lateral hypothalamus.
Kai Liu, JuhyunKim, Dong Won Kim et al.
Publicantibodies to malaria antigens generated by two LAIR1 insertionmodalities
Up to 10% ofindividuals in malaria-endemic regions produce antibodies that react to malariaantigens through an additional LAIR1 domain that is inserted by two differentinsertion modalities.
Kathrin Pieper,Joshua Tan, Luca Piccoli et al.
ISWIchromatin remodellers sense nucleosome modifications to determine substratepreference
Ahigh-throughput approach using a DNA-barcoded nucleosome library shows thatISWI chromatin remodellers can distinguish between differently modifiednucleosomes.
Geoffrey P.Dann, Glen P. Liszczak, John D. Bagert et al.
CORRIGENDUM
Corrigendum:Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions
Didier Ndeh,Artur Rogowski, Alan Cartmell et al.
ERRATA
Erratum:Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals
Kevin J. Olival,Parviez R. Hosseini, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio et al.
Erratum:Mammals divert endogenous genotoxic formaldehyde into one-carbon metabolism
GuillermoBurgos-Barragan, Niek Wit, Johannes Meiser et al.
