12月1日Nature目录
EDITORIALS
TraditionalChinese medicine needs proper scrutiny
New laws thatpromote centuries-old herbal remedies are a backwards step for China. Onlycontrolled clinical trials can satisfy concerns.
Opiatedeaths demand serious action
Epidemic ofpainkiller addiction and overdoses in the United States needs a wide-rangingresponse.
Londonscientists feel the noise
Researchers jointhose donning headphones to cope with open-plan chatter.
WORLDVIEW
Pro-sciencebudget is not enough for a Brexit world
Clarity in UKand EU policy must come soon, so science funds can be spent well, says VenkiRamakrishnan.
SEVENDAYS
Illicitgene therapies, forensic data and Australia’s water woes
The week inscience: 24–30 November 2017.
RESEARCHHIGHLIGHTS
Thisissue's Research Highlights
Selections from the scientific literature.
AI-controlledbrain implants for mood disorders tested in people
Researchers funded by the US militaryare developing appliances to record neural activity and automatically stimulatethe brain to treat mental illness.
Sara Reardon
‘Alien’DNA makes proteins in living cells for the first time
Expanded genetic alphabet could allowfor the production of new protein-based drugs.
Ewen Callaway
UnitedKingdom relies on science to revive flagging economy
Long-awaited industrial strategy pinshopes on commercial gains from research.
Elizabeth Gibney
Chinato roll back regulations for traditional medicine despite safety concerns
Scientists fear plans to abandonclinical trials of centuries-old remedies will put people at risk.
David Cyranoski
FEATURES
Supercomputingpoised for a massive speed boost
Plans to build ‘exascale’ machines aremoving forward, but still face major technological challenges.
Katherine Bourzac
MULTIMEDIA
NaturePodcast, 30 November 2017
This week, reading unnatural DNA, andyoung worm mothers explain a wriggly riddle.
Fiveways to fix statistics
As debate rumbles on about how and howmuch poor statistics is to blame for poor reproducibility, Nature askedinfluential statisticians to recommend one change to improve science. Thecommon theme? The problem is not our maths, but ourselves.
Jeff Leek, Blakeley B. McShane, AndrewGelman et al.
BOOKS ANDARTS
Howto mobilize group intelligence
Beth Simone Noveck enjoys a seasonedwonk’s analysis of the potential and pitfalls of large-scale collaboration.
Beth Simone Noveck
Whatmakes teams tick
Kara L. Hall examines a study of currentresearch on scientific collaboration.
Kara L. Hall
Booksin brief
Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week'sbest science picks.
Barbara Kiser
CORRESPONDENCE
Clinicalrecords: Thirty years of Dutch embryo selection
Joep Geraedts
Landmarkcontributions: Credit pioneer in plate tectonics
William Kidd, Kevin Burke
Researchpapers: Lifetime word limits would unleash woe
Robert Gooding-Townsend
Trophyhunting: Science on its own can’t dictate policy
Chris Darimont
OBITUARY
GilbertStork (1921–2017)
Chemist who revolutionized molecularsynthesis.
Paul A. Wender
SPECIALS
TECHNOLOGYFEATURE
Themicroscope makers
A small community of scientists hastaken a do-it-yourself approach to microscopy: when the right tool for the jobdoesn’t exist, make it.
Brian Owens
OUTLOOK: ENERGYTRANSITIONS
Energytransitions
Michelle Grayson
Powerthrough the ages
Stephanie Pain
Energizethe people to effect policy change
Craig Morris, Arne Jungjohann
Makelow-carbon energy an integral part of the knowledge economy
Roger Fouquet
Howsocial scientists can help to shape climate policy
Michael Eisenstein
Thereal cost of energy
Erica Gies
Thenext step on the energy ladder
Lucas Laursen
Thecomplex web behind the siting of power plants
Peter Fairley
SPOTLIGHT
Bloodboosts bids to unpick membrane science
Fresh techniques are opening the worldof the cell up to a range of disciplines.
Anna Petherick
Aday in the life of a cell biologist
Anima Chaudhuri talks membrane fusionand lab collaboration.
NEWONLINE
Atransfer-RNA-derived small RNA regulates ribosome biogenesis
A 22-nucleotidefragment of a transfer RNA regulates translation by binding to the mRNA of aribosomal protein and increasing its expression, and downregulation of thefragment in patient-derived liver tumour cells reduces tumour growth in mice.
Directdetection of a break in the teraelectronvolt cosmic-ray spectrum of electronsand positrons
A directmeasurement of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons with unprecedentedly highenergy resolution reveals a spectral break at about 0.9 teraelectronvolts,confirming the evidence found by previous indirect measurements.
Reconcilingtaxon senescence with the Red Queen’s hypothesis
Focusingattention on the expansion of taxa, rather than their survival, resolves theapparent contradiction between seemingly deterministic patterns of waxing andwaning of taxa over time and the randomness of extinction implied by the RedQueen’s hypothesis.
Inactivationof DNA repair triggers neoantigen generation and impairs tumour growth
The inactivationof DNA mismatch repair in cancer cells produces dynamic mutational profiles andgenerates neoantigens, which result in improved immune surveillance againstthese cells.
Pluripotentstate transitions coordinate morphogenesis in mouse and human embryos
Exit ofepiblasts from an unrestricted naive pluripotent state is required forepithelialization and generation of the pro-amniotic cavity in mouse embryosand for amniotic cavity formation in human embryos and human embryonic stemcells.
Promoter-boundMETTL3 maintains myeloid leukaemia by m6A-dependent translationcontrol
Themethyltransferase METTL3 promotes the leukaemic state in acute myeloidleukaemia (AML) by catalysing the m6A RNA modification through itsrecruitment on the transcription start sites of AML-associated genes.
Immuneevasion of Plasmodium falciparum by RIFIN via inhibitoryreceptors
Proteinsexpressed on the surfaces of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodiumfalciparum help the parasite to evade the host immune system by actingas ligands for immune inhibitory receptors and thereby downregulating theimmune response.
Geneticdiversity of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae
Genomesequencing analyses from 765 specimens of Anopheles gambiae and Anophelescoluzzii from 15 locations across Africa characterize patterns of geneflow and variations in population size, and provide a resource for studying theevolution of natural malaria vector populations.
Geneticallyprogrammed chiral organoborane synthesis
A geneticallyencoded platform can produce chiral organoboranes in bacteria with highturnover, enantioselectivity and chemoselectivity, and can be tuned andconfigured through DNA manipulation.
RNApolymerase III limits longevity downstream of TORC1
RNA polymeraseIII is a key evolutionarily conserved regulator of longevity that may havepotential as a therapeutic target for age-related conditions.
Maternalage generates phenotypic variation in Caenorhabditis elegans
Maternal age isfound to be a major source of phenotypic variation in isogenic C.elegans populations living in a controlled environment, with theprogeny of young mothers impaired for multiple fitness traits.
Erratum:Quark-level analogue of nuclear fusion with doubly heavy baryons
Erratum:PD-1 is a haploinsufficient suppressor of T cell lymphomagenesis
Corrigendum:RNA m6A methylation regulates the ultraviolet-induced DNA damageresponse
Corrigendum:Groundwater depletion embedded in international food trade
Corrigendum:Mega-evolutionary dynamics of the adaptive radiation of birds
Corrigendum:A randomized synbiotic trial to prevent sepsis among infants in rural India
NEWSAND VIEWS
Archaeology:Inequality has deep roots in Eurasia
Michelle Elliott
Microbiota:A high-pressure situation for bacteria
David A. Relman
Cellbiology: Bulky tether proteins aid membrane fusion
Anne Spang
Largequantum systems tamed
ChristineMuschik
Contactlesshealth-care sensing
Leena Ukkonen,Lauri Sydänheimo
Methaneupgraded by rhodium
Ive Hermans
ARTICLES
Mechanismof tandem duplication formation in BRCA1-mutant cells
BRCA1, but notBRCA2, suppresses the formation of tandem duplications at stalled replicationforks in primary mammalian cells.
Nicholas A.Willis, Richard L. Frock, Francesca Menghi et al.
Probingmany-body dynamics on a 51-atom quantum simulator
Programmablequantum simulations of many-body systems are demonstrated using areconfigurable array of 51 individually trapped cold atoms with strong,coherent interactions controlled via excitation to Rydberg states.
Hannes Bernien,Sylvain Schwartz, Alexander Keesling et al.
Salt-responsivegut commensal modulates TH17 axis and disease
High salt intakechanged the gut microbiome and increased TH17 cell numbers in mice,and reduced intestinal survival of Lactobacillus species,increased the number of TH17 cells and increased blood pressure inhumans.
Nicola Wilck,Mariana G. Matus, Sean M. Kearney et al.
LETTERS
Mildoxidation of methane to methanol or acetic acid on supported isolated rhodiumcatalysts
Single-siteisolated rhodium species anchored on zeolites or titanium dioxide are shown tocatalyse the direct conversion of methane to methanol and acetic acid, usingoxygen and carbon monoxide under mild conditions.
Junjun Shan,Mengwei Li, Lawrence F. Allard et al.
Greaterpost-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America andMesoamerica
Analyses ofhouse-size distributions in the Old and New World showed that wealthdisparities increased with the domestication of plants and animals and withincreased sociopolitical scale.
Timothy A.Kohler, Michael E. Smith, Amy Bogaard et al.
Orthogonalmuscle fibres have different instructive roles in planarian regeneration
Longitudinal andcircular muscle fibres have distinct regulatory roles during planarianregeneration.
M. LucilaScimone, Lauren E. Cote, Peter W. Reddien
Halogensin chondritic meteorites and terrestrial accretion
Halogenabundances in chondrites are 6 to 37 times lower than previously reported,which is consistent with the low abundances of these elements found in Earth.
Patricia L.Clay, Ray Burgess, Henner Busemann et al.
Agut bacterial pathway metabolizes aromatic amino acids into nine circulatingmetabolites
A pathway forthe production of aromatic amino acid metabolites in Clostridiumsporogenes is described; modulation of serum levels of these metabolitesin gnotobiotic mice affects intestinal permeability and systemic immunity.
Dylan Dodd,Matthew H. Spitzer, William Van Treuren et al.
Structuralbasis for the initiation of eukaryotic transcription-coupled DNA repair
Cryo-electronmicroscopy analysis of yeast Rad26 bound to RNA polymerase II provides insightinto the initiation of the transcription-coupled DNA repair mechanism ineukaryotes.
Jun Xu, IndrajitLahiri, Wei Wang et al.
Measurementof the multi-TeV neutrino interaction cross-section with IceCube using Earthabsorption
IceCube hasmeasured the absorption of atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos in theEarth, and found that the interaction cross-section of multi-TeV neutrinos iswithin 50 per cent of the predictions of the standard model.
The IceCubeCollaboration
Observationof a many-body dynamical phase transition with a 53-qubit quantum simulator
Many-bodydynamical phases in an Ising-like quantum spin model with long-rangeinteractions are observed by measuring correlations in single shots, using aquantum simulator composed of 53 qubits.
J. Zhang, G.Pagano, P. W. Hess et al.
Site-selectiveand stereoselective functionalization of non-activated tertiary C–H bonds
Thefunctionalization of specific inert C–H bonds avoids the need for functionalgroups in organic synthesis and here the challenges of this approach areovercome using a dirhodium catalyst that is capable of C–H bondsite-selectivity.
Kuangbiao Liao,Thomas C. Pickel, Vyacheslav Boyarskikh et al.
Alysosomal switch triggers proteostasis renewal in the immortal C.elegansgerm lineage
Sperm-activatedlysosomes enhance proteostasis in nematode oocytes just before fertilization;this could prevent transmission of damaged proteins to the next generation andmay explain the immortality of the germ-cell lineage.
K. Adam Bohnert,Cynthia Kenyon
Atethering complex drives the terminal stage of SNARE-dependent membrane fusion
Tetheringproteins, known to mediate initial recognition and attachment during membranefusion, are essential for driving the transition from the hemifused state tofusion pore formation.
MassimoD’Agostino, Herre Jelger Risselada, Anna Lürick et al.
NFS1undergoes positive selection in lung tumours and protects cells fromferroptosis
Cancers growingin high-oxygen environments, such as lung adenocarcinomas, select for theiron–sulfur cluster synthesizing enzyme NFS1 to support malignant proliferationand to protect from oxidative damage.
Samantha W.Alvarez, Vladislav O. Sviderskiy, Erdem M. Terzi et al.
Asemi-synthetic organism that stores and retrieves increased genetic information
A modified Escherichiacoli is used to demonstrate that semi-synthetic organisms can usenon-natural hydrophobic base pairs to genetically encode for the incorporationof non-canonical amino acids into proteins.
Yorke Zhang,Jerod L. Ptacin, Emil C. Fischer et al.
CORRIGENDUM
Corrigendum:Widespread movement of meltwater onto and across Antarctic ice shelves
JonathanKingslake, Jeremy C. Ely, Indrani Das et al.
ERRATA
Erratum:Enhanced sensitivity at higher-order exceptional points
Hossein Hodaei,Absar U. Hassan, Steffen Wittek et al.
Erratum:The neuropeptide NMU amplifies ILC2-driven allergic lung inflammation
AntoniaWallrapp, Samantha J. Riesenfeld, Patrick R. Burkett et al.