乔治·奥威尔：论战争宣传

George Orwell 黄灿然小站

西班牙内战期间的奥威尔（1937）

One of the most horrible features of war is that all the war-propaganda, all the screaming and lies and hatred, comes invariably from people who are not fighting. George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia

战争最恐怖的特点之一是，所有战争宣传，所有尖叫和谎言和仇恨，都毫无例外来自那些不是在战斗的人。乔治·奥威尔《向加泰罗尼亚致敬》

西班牙内战期间的奥威尔（1936）

Early in life I had noticed that no event is ever correctly reported in a newspaper, but in Spain, for the first time, I saw newspaper reports which did not bear any relation to the facts, not even the relationship which is implied in an ordinary lie. I saw great battles reported where there had been no fighting, and complete silence where hundreds of men had been killed. I saw troops who had fought bravely denounced as cowards and traitors, and others who had never seen a shot fired hailed as the heroes of imaginary victories, and I saw newspapers in London retailing these lies and eager intellectuals building emotional superstructures over events that had never happened. I saw, in fact, history being written not in terms of what happened but of what ought to have happened according to various ‘party lines’." George Orwell, "Looking Back on the Spanish War"

很早我就注意到，没有任何事件被报纸准确地报道过，但是在西班牙，我第一次看到与事实完全没有任何关系的报纸报道，甚至包含于一个普通谎言里的那种关系也没有。我看到报纸报道根本没有发生过的重大战役，而对有数以百计士兵阵亡的战役则完全沉默。我看到勇敢作战的军队被斥为懦夫和叛徒，而另一些未发一枪的人则被捧为想象中的胜利的英雄，而我看到伦敦的报纸复述这些谎言，热切的知识分子则在从未发生过的事件上构造情绪上层建筑。事实上，我看到历史不是依照发生过的事情来写的，而是根据各种不同的“政党路线”，依照应该发生的事情来写的。乔治·奥威尔《回顾西班牙内战》

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