“隐私”与“公共健康”的决策平衡 ——疫情下各国个人信息保护的10个共识、差异与挑战
个人信息保护法律不会妨碍疫情管理措施;
法律基本原则仍应得到遵循;
在许多国家,雇主是除了卫生部门之外最主要的疫情信息节点,对雇主收集信息的规范成为重点;
疫情推动跨部门数据共享。但整体而言,许多欧盟成员国仍将疫情健康数据限制在公共卫生部门范围内;
相比亚洲,欧盟对位置数据的利用更为谨慎;
随着疫情升级,更具侵入性的人脸识别、无人机投入应用;
大型科技公司积极参与抗击疫情,但谨慎处理用户数据;
教育、医疗等在线服务规模化、常态化带来隐私挑战;
疫情下对“隐私”和“公共健康”的决策平衡,更深层地反映了一国文化和认知传统;
激进的“隐私侵入性”管理措施的退出问题。如果短期内不能退出,则坚持必要性、最小化原则尤为重要。
一、 个人信息保护法律不会妨碍疫情管理措施
二、 法律基本原则仍应得到遵循
三、 在许多国家,雇主是除了卫生部门之外最主要的疫情信息节点,对雇主收集信息的规范成为重点
四、 疫情推动跨部门数据共享
五、 相比亚洲,欧盟对位置数据的利用更为谨慎
六、 随着疫情升级,更具侵入性的人脸识别、无人机投入应用
七、 大型科技公司积极参与抗击疫情,但谨慎处理用户数据
八、 教育、医疗等在线服务常态化带来的隐私挑战
九、 疫情下对“隐私”和“公共健康”的决策平衡,更深层地反映了一国文化和认知传统
十、 激进的“隐私侵入性”管理措施的退出问题
参考资料:
[1] See European Data Protection Board (2020), Statement on the processing of personal data in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak, available at: https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/other/statement-processing-personal-data-context-covid-19-outbreak_en.
[2] See agencia espanola proteccion datos (AEPD) (2020), Report from the State Legal Service Deparment (The Spanish DPA) on Processing Activities Relating to the Obligation for Controllers from Private Companies and Public Administrations to Report on Workers Suffering from Covid-19, available at: https://www.aepd.es/es/prensa-y-comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/la-aepd-publica-un-informe-sobre-los-tratamientos-de-datos-en.
[3] See Ireland Data Protection Commissioner, Data Protection and COVID-19, March 06 2020, available at: https://dataprotection.ie/en/news-media/blogs/data-protection-and-covid-19.
[4] See Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés, Coronavirus (Covid-19): les rappels de la CNIL sur la collecte de données personnelles, March 06 2020, available at: https://www.cnil.fr/fr/coronavirus-covid-19-les-rappels-de-la-cnil-sur-la-collecte-de-donnees-personnelles.
[5] See UK Information Commissioner’s Office, Data protection and coronavirus: what you need to know, https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/data-protection-and-coronavirus/ (last visited on March 30 2020).
[6] See Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés, Coronavirus (Covid-19): les rappels de la CNIL sur la collecte de données personnelles, March 06 2020, available at: https://www.cnil.fr/fr/coronavirus-covid-19-les-rappels-de-la-cnil-sur-la-collecte-de-donnees-personnelles.
[7] See agencia espanola proteccion datos (AEPD) (2020), Report from the State Legal Service Deparment (The Spanish DPA) on Processing Activities Relating to the Obligation for Controllers from Private Companies and Public Administrations to Report on Workers Suffering from Covid-19, available at: https://www.aepd.es/es/prensa-y-comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/la-aepd-publica-un-informe-sobre-los-tratamientos-de-datos-en.
[8] See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2020), COVID-19 & HIPAA Bulletin: Limited Waiver of HIPAA Sanctions and Penalties during a Nationwide Public Health Emergency, available at: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/hipaa-and-covid-19-limited-hipaa-waiver-bulletin-508.pdf.
[9] See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights (2020), COVID-19 and HIPAA: Disclosures to law enforcement, paramedics, other first responders and public health authorities, available at: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/covid-19-hipaa-and-first-responders-508.pdf.[10] https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/technology/coronavirus-surveillance-tracking-privacy.html
[11] https://www.lawfareblog.com/lessons-america-how-south-korean-authorities-used-law-fight-coronavirus
[12] See Nemo Kim, 'More scary than coronavirus': South Korea's health alerts expose private lives, March 05 2020, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/more-scary-than-coronavirus-south-koreas-health-alerts-expose-private-lives.
[13] See Saheli Roy Choudhury, Singapore says it will make its contact tracing tech freely available to developers, available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/25/coronavirus-singapore-to-make-contact-tracing-tech-open-source.html (last visited on March 30 2020).
[14] See Israel: Security service may use patients' smartphone data for contact tracing, available at: https://privacyinternational.org/examples/3423/israel-security-service-may-use-patients-smartphone-data-contact-tracing (last visited on March 30 2020).
[15] See European Data Protection Board (2020), Statement on the processing of personal data in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak, available at: https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/other/statement-processing-personal-data-context-covid-19-outbreak_en.
[16] See Facebook: Italian Ministry seeks to leverage big data with help from Facebook and telcos, available at: https://privacyinternational.org/examples/3421/facebook-italian-ministry-seeks-leverage-big-data-help-facebook-and-telcos (last visited on March 30 2020).
[17] See Coronavirus: Deutscher Mobilfunkbetreiber gibt Bewegungsdaten weiter, available at: https://frask.de/coronavirus-deutscher-mobilfunkbetreiber-gibt-bewegungsdaten-weiter/ (last visited on March 30 2020).
[18] See Mark Scott, Laurens Cerulus and Laura Kayali, Commission tells carriers to hand over mobile data in coronavirus fight, available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/european-commission-mobile-phone-data-thierry-breton-coronavirus-covid19/ (last visited on March 30 2020).
[19] See Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, Translating a Surveillance Tool into a Virus Tracker for Democracies, March 19 2020, available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/coronavirus-location-tracking.html.
[20] See Mark Sullivan, Updated: This AI camera detects people who may have COVID-19, March 19 2020, available at: https://www.fastcompany.com/90479220/this-ai-camera-detects-people-who-may-have-covid-19.
[21] See Sharon Braithwaite, Italian police can now use drones to monitor people's movements, aviation authority says, March 24 2020, available at: https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-03-24-20-intl-hnk/h_b5c13ce244635a6e5b945f6462b4a374.
[22] See https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/03/24/senators-urge-trump-administration-protect-student-data-rush-online-schooling/ (last visited on March 30 2020).
[23] See Student Privacy Policy Office (March 2020), FERPA & Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), available at: https://studentprivacy.ed.gov/sites/default/files/resource_document/file/FERPA%20and%20Coronavirus%20Frequently%20Asked%20Questions_0.pdf.
[24] See Student Privacy Policy Office (2014), FERPA and Virtual Learning Related Resources https://tech.ed.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Student-Privacy-and-Online-Educational-Services-February-2014.pdf.
[25] See Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights, Notification of Enforcement Discretion for Telehealth Remote Communications during the COVID-19 Nationwide Public Health Emergency, available at: https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/special-topics/emergency-preparedness/notification-enforcement-discretion-telehealth/index.html.
[26] See Dave Perera, Matthew Newman, and Hyung-jo Choi, Covid-19 pressures privacy as pandemic spreads globally, March 19 2020, available at: https://mlexmarketinsight.com/insights-center/editors-picks/Data-Protection-Privacy-and-Security/cross-jurisdiction/covid-19-pressures-privacy-as-pandemic-spreads-globally.
[27] See Cas Mudde, Coronavirus outbreak 'Wartime' coronavirus powers could hurt our democracy – without keeping us safe, March 24 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/24/wartime-coronavirus-powers-state-of-emergency.
[28] See Michael Pisa, COVID-19, Information Problems, and Digital Surveillance, March 20 2020, available at: https://www.cgdev.org/blog/covid-19-information-problems-and-digital-surveillance.
[29] See Michael Pisa, COVID-19, Information Problems, and Digital Surveillance, March 20 2020, available at: https://www.cgdev.org/blog/covid-19-information-problems-and-digital-surveillance.