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强推 | 深夜档脱口秀的政治斗争 | 时代周刊英文精读

2016-11-22 管鑫Sam 管鑫Sam
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雅文 悦读

【慢慢一整篇干货,收好】2011年末就开始听译囧叔扣叔的节目在微博上分享给大家,回忆起来真是个黄金年代(无论对脱口秀节目还是对微博来说... ),如今囧叔、大下巴、莱特曼、雷叔都已让位,微博也has become a 'more harmonious' place。带大家精读时代周刊这篇The New Politics of Late Night的精华,看看深夜档脱口秀江湖的最新的政治斗争,他们的武器是什么?主持人们更加深入地参与到政治论战之中,这样真的好吗?这篇文章不但有很好的观点结论,而且语言也非常值得品味。



通读

首先先把文章的精华摘录进行通读,重点关注加粗的部分。

Alumni of The Daily Show have metastasized across the dial. Stewart and Colbert were groundbreakers, but even they tempered their political edge with ironic distance and a concern for balance. Colbert couched his views in the put-on character of a right-wing Bill O’Reilly type. Stewart aimed his barbs less at conservative pols than at the Fox News pundits who enabled them. But the game has changed, thanks largely to the man at the top of the GOP ticket. With his orange skin tone, animal-pelt hairdo and overweening ego, Trump may be the greatest gift to comedians since the invention of the mother-in-law joke


Their satiric arrows are aimed, nearly always, from the left flank of the political battlefield. This flowering of political satire could pass quickly should Trump be sent back to his reality show. It’s hard to imagine similar passion being directed at a President Hillary Clinton or a stonewalling Republican Congress. Yet these satirists may have trouble backtracking from their new partisan aggressiveness, becoming yet another contributor to the bubble that news consumers increasingly live in–their views reinforced by what they choose to watch and read.



提醒  Protect Your Eyes

橙色等(非最明亮的颜色)是很好的测试色,如果橙色在你的手机看起来刺眼,请调低手机的亮度,因为你的手机亮度已经到了伤眼的程度,不适合长时间阅读。建议先把手机亮度调至最低,对着屏幕20秒,然后再稍微加回一些亮度,就会感觉屏幕已经很亮了,此时就不刺眼了。


开读吧

如何吐槽各电视台被几张熟脸刷屏?

老美也爱吐槽“丈母娘”?

电视节目加固了“社交回音室”?

第一部分解析


Alumni of The Daily Show have metastasized across the dial. Stewart and Colbert were groundbreakers, but even they tempered their political edge with ironic distance and a concern for balance. Colbert couched his views in the put-on character of a right-wing Bill O’Reilly type. Stewart aimed his barbs less at conservative pols than at the Fox News pundits who enabled them. But the game has changed, thanks largely to the man at the top of the GOP ticket. With his orange skin tone, animal-pelt hairdo and overweening ego, Trump may be the greatest gift to comedians since the invention of the mother-in-law joke



本段讲到深夜档脱口秀在这一年多以来的变化,主持人们更加直接、深入地参与到政治站队与撕逼之中。这与囧司徒时代,又有了明显的政治化倾向。



好了,先来看一下前两句:


Alumni of The Daily Show have metastasized across the dial. Stewart and Colbert were groundbreakers, but even they tempered their political edge with ironic distance and a concern for balance.


alumni;metastasized across the dial


突然想到了阿里巴巴的“马爸爸”。他就曾给已经离职阿里的五万前员工搞过“阿里同学会”,在他们的文化圈子里,互称“同学”,离职称“毕业”,那么,“前员工”们,也就成了“校友”。


这个alumni其实是一个复数形态,单数是alumnus(男,或不加分辨时)、alumna(女)。意思就是“校友”,也就是已毕业的学生。


当然,阿里巴巴这么使用其实并不是首创,英语当中也一直可以用alumni来喻指“前同事”、“前成员”,甚至有的地方还用来指老邻居、旧住户之类的。


Alumni of The Daily Show就是说,出身于囧叔的《每日秀》的前伙伴们,比如如今在HBO的John Oliver、如今在TBS的Bee姐、如今在CBS的“扣扣熊” Stephen Colbert、接档了囧叔离职后位置的Noah小哥、接档扣扣熊节目的黑人大叔Wilmore(节目现已取消)等等。就连Newsroom里的Sloan妹子的扮演者Olivia Munn也是Daily Show correspondent出身。



(Stephen Colbert)


metastasized是metastasis的动词形式,医疗术语,原意指的是“扩散”,没错,就是癌细胞扩散的那个“扩散”。


Alumni of The Daily Show have metastasized across the dial.


要理解这句话的关键点还有一个,那就是dial的理解。显然把它理解为表盘、电话拨号盘等都是完全与语境脱离的。


也不怪大家不容易联想,毕竟这个实物形态已经不常见了,如今你只有专门google一下‘TV dial’,才会搜到类似的图:



没错,可能年龄稍大一点的朋友印象中才有这个调台方式的电视机,换台是通过扭动那个圆形旋钮来实现的。


就像虽然电话已经早就不是通过圆形的拨号盘来“拨号”了,英语中由“电话拨号盘”dial演化出的动词dial“拨打电话”,依然在英语中继续使用。其实汉语中拨打的“拨”这个动作,其实也基本绝迹了(除了一些仿古电话等),但是“拨打”这个说法依然保留了下来。


同样的,to dial my favorite show(“拨台”到我最喜欢的节目),汉语口语中,“拨台”这个说法在很多地方方言的表达中,依然顽强地生存着,而且大部分地方的人都能听懂。


回头再看这个句子是不是清晰了:


Alumni of The Daily Show have metastasized across the dial.


《每日秀》的前成员们如今已散布活跃于各电视台(频道调来拨去都会见到他们)。


也可以拿来吐槽中国综艺节目各个频道被几张熟脸刷屏:


Several familiar faces are metastasizing across the dial.


当然也可以这样:


Alumni of The Country Love Stories have metastasized across the dial.


呃... 就,不配图了。


groundbreakers;tempered their political edge with


groundbreakers相当于trailblazers,也就是开创者、拓荒者、开辟出新天地的人。



Stewart and Colbert were groundbreakers, but even they tempered their political edge with ironic distance and a concern for balance.


这句话本身的目的不在于称赞,实际目的是为了引出后一句话的转折。可以说,主流深夜档脱口秀中,很多都由“夹杂政治元素的泛娱乐节目”发展成“夹杂着娱乐元素的政治讽刺节目”,Carson时代当然也会吐槽一些政治人物,但365天下来,政治并不能定义为节目的主题;而《囧司徒每日秀》则是非常鲜明的政治吐槽节目,365天(这个说法只是强调效果,事实上深夜档脱口秀周末都会停播,而且跟美剧一样,也有停播期)几乎锁定政治主题,而他的大获成功,艾美奖制霸N年,自然很大程度上塑造了这个时代的深夜档节目走向。所以说他们“开创了一个时代“,是groundbreakers,用现在流行的创业语言来说,”他们精耕一个垂直的细分市场,从而掌握了话语权,并从而重新定义了这类产品的主流。”


但是。


... but even they tempered their political edge with ironic distance and a concern for balance.


这句话不是在于称赞,而是为了后文铺垫,引出“如今这些新一代深夜档脱口秀主持人们深入直接地参与政治,已经更甚于前人”的这个主题。但作者并没有先直接挑明,而是这样说:“但,即便是这两位开创者,也不会像如今这些后来者那样深入直接地参与撕逼,而是保持一定距离地进行明嘲暗讽,非常在意观点的均衡,并以此来tempered their political edge。temper在这里取的是“削弱”、“软化”,edge这里的理解接近于“刀锋”及其隐身比喻义“锋芒”、“锐气”。


还是要强调一点,文章“借古”是为了“讽今”,本文并非旨在夸前人,而是在于评后人。

参考译文

Alumni of The Daily Show have metastasized across the dial. Stewart and Colbert were groundbreakers, but even they tempered their political edge with ironic distance and a concern for balance.


《每日秀》的前成员们如今已散布活跃于各电视台,怎么拨台都会见到他们。囧司徒和扣扣熊开创了一个时代,但,即便是这两位开创者,也会保持一定距离地进行明嘲暗讽,非常在意观点的均衡,并以这些方式来避免其节目的政治锋芒太盛。



再来看下面这两句,说说这两位groundbreakers当年是如何做的:


Colbert couched his views in the put-on character of a right-wing Bill O’Reilly type. Stewart aimed his barbs less at conservative pols than at the Fox News pundits who enabled them.


couched his views in the put-on character


couch在这里的用法是“以...来措辞”、“...地表达”,举个例子:


He received a letter couched in conciliatory terms.

他收到了一封言辞中充满和解之意的书信。


那么,什么叫couched his views in the put-on character


我们知道,以stand-up comedy这种脱口秀就可以有几种说话者的定位:你可以是yourself、也可以是一个narrator、还可以是一个character。而还有一些人,一上台,就是带着“character”上来的。他们既不是“自己”,也不是一个负责描述的第三方视角陈述人,他们是一个“角色”(也叫persona),如同在一个小品里一样,也可以看做分裂出的一个“人格”:虽然他生于DC(今年大选92%的选票都投给了民主党),但他的成长则是在深红州南卡罗来纳州,天主教家庭。



Stephen Colbert和他的蜡像

其蜡像的眉毛、手势等都是其“角色形象”的招牌


所以在Colbert Report播出期间,wikipedia里Stephen Colbert就有两个“人”,另一个叫做Stephen Colbert (character),这个条目也一直保留着:



当然了,就算不知道这个典故,也并不影响理解,因为put-on character这个表达已经说的很清楚了,是一个“伪装出来的角色”。


Colbert couched his views in the put-on character of a right-wing Bill O’Reilly type.


扣扣熊塑造了一个如同福克斯新闻的右翼主持人Bill O’Reilly那样的角色,并隐藏在这个伪装的角色里来表达自己的观点。(通过暗讽自己所表演的角色的方式)


注:“扣扣熊”这个称呼是中国网友对Colbert的爱称,由我的陈年好友、比伯一生推谷大白话同志翻译。


aimed his barbs less at conservative pols than


Stewart aimed his barbs less at conservative pols than at the Fox News pundits who enabled them.


那么囧叔是如何做的?


barbs,就是尖锐刻薄的话、可以是抨击、可以是吐槽。用我国的话说,“是投枪、是匕首”,这样与aim at,也很搭。


这句话中的enable,指的是给提供机会、条件、手段、平台给某人,使其能够做成某些事。在近期的互联网圈,我们总能听到某某老总说,互联网加就是要给人赋能,就是enable、empower,给予人们更多的权限、机会、平台...


pols = politicians


囧司徒的吐槽虽然也瞄向保守派政客们,但炮火更多的是轰向那些给保守派帮腔的福克斯新闻台资深评论员们。



参考译文

Colbert couched his views in the put-on character of a right-wing Bill O’Reilly type. Stewart aimed his barbs less at conservative pols than at the Fox News pundits who enabled them.


扣扣熊塑造了一个如同福克斯新闻的右翼主持人Bill O’Reilly那样的角色,并隐藏在这个伪装的角色里来表达自己的观点。囧司徒的吐槽虽然也瞄向保守派政客们,但炮火更多的是轰向那些给保守派帮腔的福克斯新闻台资深评论员们。



本文的转折点来了,看这几句:


But the game has changed, thanks largely to the man at the top of the GOP ticket. With his orange skin tone, animal-pelt hairdo and overweening ego, Trump may be the greatest gift to comedians since the invention of the mother-in-law joke


at the top of the GOP ticket


这里什么叫做ticket?不是选票的意思。


在选举中,一个ticket的意思就是a single election choice which fills more than one political office or seat,比如选票上选总统的部分,总统和副总统是“两个职务”,但他们属于同一个ballot question的答案,只有一次选择,俩人打包选,换句话说,你不能选Trump不选Pence,这样的选举选项就叫ticket。


另外,在有一些地方有采用“straight party voting”,也就相当于是政党打包竞选,即某一个政党在这个州或县或地区的所有候选人绑定,投这个党,相当于投了包括这个党在参选的所有民选职务。在这个语境下,这个ticket就指的是选票上的打包政党。当然了,straight party的投法不是强制的,你即可以选择政党打包的选法,也可以每个空儿一个一个去填。上个图:





当然,各个语境下难免又有例外,比如有时还会有某个政党的成员与该党官方推举的候选人进行竞争的情况... 那么刚才所说的straight party voting指的就是赢得初选或获得党内提名的候选人的范围,不包括党内内斗的、没有该党支持的“党内反对派候选人”,这里就不赘述了。


总之,这时的at the top of the GOP ticket就是指“共和党总统竞选搭档选项中的首要参选人(也就是总统候选人)”,换句话说,其实就是在说“共和党的总统候选人”。(针对总统候选人,摘出了副总统)


But the game has changed, thanks largely to the man at the top of the GOP ticket.


但是,江湖已风云突变,而这,主要就是托共和党总统候选人的福了。


skin tone;animal-pelt hairdo;overweening ego;mother-in-law joke


With his orange skin tone, animal-pelt hairdo and overweening ego, Trump may be the greatest gift to comedians since the invention of the mother-in-law joke




skin tone,tone在这里指“色调”,skin tone不是指白人、黑人、黄种人的那种skin color,而是肤色的深浅,比如同样的亚洲人、中国人,在我们的语境里,也经常说某某某“皮肤白”,某某某“肤色黑”,“肤白貌美”什么的,这实际上指的就是skin tone,肤色偏浅还是偏深,而不是真的是“黑人”、“白人”之分。这个广义的“肤色”,和狭义的“肤色”,在汉语口语中,其实很多时候不必区分,英语中提到skin color,由于美国这样的国家是移民国家,各种肤色的人都很多,此时color和tone还是分清楚点不容易造成歧义。


animal pelt,动物皮毛,尤其指那种原皮原毛的整块/整张皮,为了不引起部分读者的不适感,我就上一个不那么完整的皮毛图。animal-pelt hairdo,就是说像动物皮毛一样的头型




overweening ego


overweening是一个专门用来形容和加强与“自傲”、“自负”、“狂妄”、“傲慢”等等相关的词的修饰形容词,加上这修饰语之后,像ambition、pride、ego这种本身较为中性的词都会明显倾向于贬义,原本就倾向于贬义的arrogance这类词,就会被进一步加强。


overweening ambition

野心勃勃、吕武操莽、虎狼之心

overweening arrogance/ego

妄自尊大、目中无人、飞扬跋扈


用的时候可以说xxx is a man of overweening arrogance.


再来看看这句如何理解:


since the invention of the mother-in-law joke


mother-in-law在美国也是一个专门的笑话类型,以“丈母娘”为主,但是有时候也指向“婆婆”,有时则指双方都指,那就复数:mothers-in-law。


举几个例子(笑话翻译就纯当参考啦):


Adam and Eve were the happiest, and the luckiest, couple in the world, because neither of them had a mother-in-law. 


亚当和夏娃真是全世界最幸福、最幸运的两口子,因为一个不用讨好岳母,一个不用伺候婆婆。


What is the difference between outlaws and in-laws? Outlaws are Wanted. 


这个笑话比较“缺德”。outlaws就是不法分子,in-laws指的是姻亲(尤指公婆或岳父母)。wanted双关:被需要,被通缉。


宵小之辈和姻亲长辈有什么区别?对前者,穷追不舍;对后者,避之不及。


Fred says to his mate Rick, 'My mother-in-law is an angel.' 

Rick replies, 'You're lucky. Mine is still alive.’


弗雷德跟他的哥们瑞克说:“我的丈母娘是个天使。”

瑞克答道:“你可真幸运。我丈母娘可还没有归天呢。”



Trump may be the greatest gift to comedians since the invention of the mother-in-law joke


川普或许是自丈母娘/婆婆系列笑话被创造出以来喜剧人得到的最大恩赐。


参考译文

But the game has changed, thanks largely to the man at the top of the GOP ticket. With his orange skin tone, animal-pelt hairdo and overweening ego, Trump may be the greatest to comedians since the invention of the mother-in-law joke


但是,江湖已风云突变,而这,主要就是托共和党总统候选人的福了。川普的皮肤泛着橘色,头型酷似动物皮毛,偏又妄自尊大、目中无人,他,或许是自丈母娘/婆婆系列笑话被创造出以来,喜剧人得到的最大的恩赐。



连起来读:

Alumni of The Daily Show have metastasized across the dial. Stewart and Colbert were groundbreakers, but even they tempered their political edge with ironic distance and a concern for balance. Colbert couched his views in the put-on character of a right-wing Bill O’Reilly type. Stewart aimed his barbs less at conservative pols than at the Fox News pundits who enabled them. But the game has changed, thanks largely to the man at the top of the GOP ticket. With his orange skin tone, animal-pelt hairdo and overweening ego, Trump may be the greatest to comedians since the invention of the mother-in-law joke


《每日秀》的前成员们如今已散布活跃于各电视台,怎么拨台都会见到他们。囧司徒和扣扣熊开创了一个时代,但,即便是这两位开创者,也会保持一定距离地进行明嘲暗讽,非常在意观点的均衡,并以这些方式来避免其节目的政治锋芒太盛。扣扣熊塑造了一个如同福克斯新闻的右翼主持人Bill O’Reilly那样的角色,并隐藏在这个伪装的角色里来表达自己的观点。囧司徒的吐槽虽然也瞄向保守派政客们,但炮火更多的是轰向那些给保守派帮腔的福克斯新闻台资深评论员们。但是,江湖已风云突变,而这,主要就是托共和党总统候选人的福了。川普的皮肤泛着橘色,头型酷似动物皮毛,偏又妄自尊大、目中无人,他,或许是自丈母娘/婆婆系列笑话被创造出以来,喜剧人得到的最大的恩赐。


第二部分解析


Their satiric arrows are aimed, nearly always, from the left flank of the political battlefield. This flowering of political satire could pass quickly should Trump be sent back to his reality show. It’s hard to imagine similar passion being directed at a President Hillary Clinton or a stonewalling Republican Congress. Yet these satirists may have trouble backtracking from their new partisan aggressiveness, becoming yet another contributor to the bubble that news consumers increasingly live in–their views reinforced by what they choose to watch and read.

这一段批评了如今的深夜档脱口秀节目一边倒地支持自由派的倾向,批评他们的节目丢定程度上加重了了大众传播中的“沉默的螺旋”,促使了“社交回音室”效应的放大。



先看一下这三句:


Their satiric arrows are aimed, nearly always, from the left flank of the political battlefield. This flowering of political satire could pass quickly should Trump be sent back to his reality show. It’s hard to imagine similar passion being directed at a President Hillary Clinton or a stonewalling Republican Congress.


satiric arrows are aimed from the left flank


satiric arrows,讽刺的“箭”,就是讽刺的投枪,是吐槽的匕首... 深夜秀圈儿也是都把自己当鲁迅了...


我们更常见到的是be aimed at,at后面接被瞄准的目标,而这句话中是from,也就是说从哪个阵营发出的攻击。


flank表示某一侧,在战争中很常用这个词,比如:


the artillery was on the left flank

炮兵部队在(阵地)左翼


而这句话中则把这个flank的侧翼双关化,同样与比喻用法的satirical arrows构成字面上和引申义上的双重关联。


Their satiric arrows are aimed, nearly always, from the left flank of the political battlefield.


他们讽刺的投枪,几乎总是从政治战场的左翼投射而出。



(Seth Meyers)


flowering of political satire


This flowering of political satire


这轮政治讽刺风潮带来的此类节目风格的百花齐放、繁荣、井喷。


注意这句话说在川普当选前两个月:


This flowering of political satire could pass quickly should Trump be sent back to his reality show.


“should Trump be sent back to his reality show”是虚拟条件句省略if的形式,它相当于:if Trump should (相当于were to) be sent back to his reality show,“假如说川普被打回原形回归他的真人秀的话”,This flowering of political satire could pass quickly,“那么这一轮政治讽刺风潮的井喷期也会很快过去”。


如果按照现在的时间,川普已经当选,那么虚拟语气的时间、细节也要进行调整:


This flowering of political satire could have soon passed, had Trump been sent back to his reality show ( = if Trump had been sent back to his reality show).



(John Oliver)


下面这句接着前面说,为什么这个政治讽刺的井喷期会过去?因为:


It’s hard to imagine similar passion being directed at a President Hillary Clinton or a stonewalling Republican Congress.



being directed at;stonewalling



这句的be directed at与前文的be aimed at呼应,同样的表达意图,不同的表达手段,实现表达的多样性:那么就可以借鉴上文的理解,这里把passion去directed at某某某,显然不是狂爱,而是像arrows一样,是狂攻。这样才符合文章的基本语境。这里的“a President Hillary Clinton”,是以一种假定的语气,“假如出现一个希拉里总统”,他们还会这样吗?作者说:很难想象深夜档狂攻希拉里,就像他们没有狂攻过奥巴马一样(吐槽过,但真心没有真正意义上地“围殴”过)。当然,“假如出现一个希拉里总统”,那么也会出现一个“ a stonewalling Republican Congress”。


stonewalling,阻碍的,阻击的。因为共和党这一次的国会议席选情是明显占优的,在大选前基本上已成定局,所以假如希拉里当选,那么他也会遭遇“一个处处给她下绊儿的共和党把控的国会”。


前面说到,假如川普败选,这一轮政治讽刺的井喷就会退潮,因为:


假如希拉里当选,几乎很难想象深夜档脱口秀会同样狂热地(像围攻川普那样的)去狂攻“总统希拉里”,又或者同样(像围攻川普那样)狂热地去抨击由共和党把控的、会处处为难她的国会)。



(Jimmy Fallon)


参考译文

Their satiric arrows are aimed, nearly always, from the left flank of the political battlefield. This flowering of political satire could pass quickly should Trump be sent back to his reality show. It’s hard to imagine similar passion being directed at a President Hillary Clinton or a stonewalling Republican Congress.


他们讽刺的投枪,几乎总是从政治战场的左翼投射而出。假如川普要被打回原形、回到真人秀的话,那么这一轮政治讽刺风潮的井喷期也会很快过去。(因为)假如希拉里当选,几乎很难想象深夜档脱口秀会同样狂热地去狂攻“总统希拉里”,又或者同样狂热地去抨击由共和党把控的、会处处为难她的国会。


最重要的一句话出现了:


Yet these satirists may have trouble backtracking from their new partisan aggressiveness, becoming yet another contributor to the bubble that news consumers increasingly live in–their views reinforced by what they choose to watch and read.


backtracking from their new partisan aggressiveness


先看前半句:


Yet these satirists may have trouble backtracking from their new partisan aggressiveness, ...


partisan,在政治中指偏袒某一党的,不中立的,有明显党派立场的,nonpartisan可以指无党派偏袒的,而两党协作的、两党都支持的则用bipartisan。


backtrack from字面上就可以指“原路返回”,也可以指返回原来的立场(否认了最新的表态)。


这句话要翻译得更符合国人的表达习惯,同样需要在结构上稍微调整一下:


然而这些讽刺专家们最近如此党派立场分明、政治观点激烈,将来要往回收敛怕也不容易了,...


为什么?



(Jimmy Kimmel)


fuel the backlash


..., becoming yet another contributor to the bubble that news consumers increasingly live in–their views reinforced by what they choose to watch and read.


先来理解一下:


the bubble that news consumers increasingly live in


“新闻消费者”,也就是电视新闻的观众、报纸杂志的订户、读者、网站的用户和新闻账号的粉丝,等等。


这些人越来越像是生活在一个气泡里,何解?


the bubble (定语从句略)– their views reinforced by what they choose to watch and read.


那个气泡,是他们自己的观念所造,看似透明,却把他们隔离起来,他们选择自己原意看的去看,原意读的去读,愿意相信的去相信,那么,这些观念就只会被反复地加强,越是加强,越是相信自己所读所看的就是真理,尽管透过泡泡大家看到同样的事物,却因为被这些有选择接受的解读方式反复加强的观念,看到了完全不同的世界。



关于这个气泡,还有类似的另一个效应,叫做echo chamber effect,即“回音壁效应”,简单来说,就是人会在社交、社交网络中追寻自己赞同的声音和观点,你会与自己赞同的人互粉,会和他们一起围攻不同观点的人,在你们之间同样的观点被反复的互相交叉佐证,形成一种不可推翻的坚定信念,那就是“我们相信的是对的,不然怎么这么多人和我想的一样?”这就是回音壁效应,和文中所说的bubble,基本上可以互相理解。


也正是为了打破这样的回音壁,从上周开始我们开始了一种新的探索:左右两派大刊论战: 川留不希? | 纽约客 VS 国家评论 | 外刊英文精读 左右两派刊物的对比阅读。


再补充一个,角度略微不同,但原理想通的,大众传播学当中所说的“沉默的螺旋”,The Spiral of Silence:人们在表达自己想法和观点的时候,如果看到自己赞同的观点且受到广泛欢迎,就会积极参与进来,这类观点就会越发大胆地发表和扩散;而发觉某一观点无人或很少有人理会(有时会有群起而攻之的遭遇),即使自己赞同它,也会保持沉默。意见一方的沉默造成另一方意见的增势,如此循环往复,便形成一方的声音越来越强大,另一方越来越沉默下去的螺旋发展过程。理论是基于这样一个假设:大多数个人会力图避免由于单独持有某些态度和信念而产生的孤立。



(Conan O'Brien)


参考译文

Yet these satirists may have trouble backtracking from their new partisan aggressiveness, becoming yet another contributor to the bubble that news consumers increasingly live in–their views reinforced by what they choose to watch and read.


然而这些讽刺专家们最近如此党派立场分明、政治观点激烈,将来要往回收敛怕也不容易了,他们,正在变成观念回音壁的供给链条的一环,新闻受众们越来越深陷此回音壁中,而那些观念也在他们所选的信源影响下变得更加牢固,不可撼动。


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再将第二部分也连起来:


Their satiric arrows are aimed, nearly always, from the left flank of the political battlefield. This flowering of political satire could pass quickly should Trump be sent back to his reality show. It’s hard to imagine similar passion being directed at a President Hillary Clinton or a stonewalling Republican Congress. Yet these satirists may have trouble backtracking from their new partisan aggressiveness, becoming yet another contributor to the bubble that news consumers increasingly live in–their views reinforced by what they choose to watch and read.


他们讽刺的投枪,几乎总是从政治战场的左翼投射而出。假如川普真被打回原形、回到真人秀的话,那么这一轮政治讽刺风潮的井喷期也会很快过去。(因为)假如希拉里当选,几乎很难想象深夜档脱口秀会同样狂热地去狂攻“总统希拉里”,又或者同样狂热地去抨击由共和党把控的、会处处为难她的国会。然而这些讽刺专家们最近如此党派立场分明、政治观点激烈,将来要往回收敛怕也不容易了,他们,正在变成观念回音壁的供给链条的一环,新闻受众们越来越深陷此回音壁中,而那些观念也在他们所选的信源影响下变得更加牢固,不可撼动。



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