联合国最新报告显示 各国未能保护儿童免受暴力侵害
联合国最新报告显示
各国未能保护儿童免受暴力侵害
(English version below)
在全球集中精力遏制新冠疫情之时，世界半数儿童仍在遭受身体暴力、性暴力或心理暴力的侵害。联合国教科文组织、世界卫生组织、联合国儿童基金会、负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表和全球制止暴力侵害儿童行为伙伴关系发布的一份最新报告揭示了这一问题。
这份题为《2020年关于预防暴力侵害儿童行为的全球状况报告》的报告显示，各国没有遵循既定战略保护儿童，致使越来越多的儿童遭遇伤害、残疾和死亡。这是第一份根据“INSPIRE”框架（预防和应对暴力侵害儿童行为的七项策略）跟踪各国进展情况的报告。
该报告纳入了首份全球18岁以下儿童被害案件估算数据。据估计，2017年共有40150名儿童在凶杀案中遇害。报告还吸收了教科文组织2019年发布的《数字背后：终结校园暴力与霸凌》报告的数据，强调霸凌行为是全世界共同面临的一个重大问题，11~15岁学生中有32%在上个月至少被学校同学霸凌过一次。
“在新冠疫情期间以及由此引发的学校停课期间，我们看到线上暴力和仇恨行为在增加，这其中就包括霸凌。现在，随着学校开始复课，许多孩子表达了对返校的担忧。”教科文组织总干事阿祖莱说，“确保学校环境对于所有儿童都是安全的，这是我们共同的责任。我们需要共同思考和行动，以制止校园和整个社会的暴力。”
落实预防暴力策略 进展参差不齐
报告认为，如果法律严禁在学校等一切场合体罚儿童，那么成人对儿童施暴行为以及儿童之间的暴力行为则有可能减少。在对报告作出答复的国家中，79%的国家有法律规定禁止体罚，然而能够确保向儿童施暴者（包括教师）得到惩处的国家却只占30%。
“这份报告有力地提醒我们，光有好的政策是不够的。我们需要不断努力，确保这些政策得到落实。”教科文组织教育部门助理总干事詹尼尼（Stefania Giannini）说，“如果儿童就读的学校不能做到安全和无暴力，包括学生、教师和其他学校工作人员实施的暴力和体罚，就不可能实现人人享有包容和公平的优质教育。”
新冠疫情对策及其对儿童的影响
包括停课在内的居家隔离措施限制了家庭和个人获取往常的支持，如来自朋友、亲属或专业人士的支持。受害者应对危机和新的生活常态的能力也因此而被削弱。据观察发现，虐童和亲密伴侣暴力求助热线的拨打数量急剧增长。
网络社区已经成为许多儿童继续学业、获得支持和游戏娱乐的最重要阵地，但有害网络行为也日发多见，包括网络欺凌、危险的网络行为和性剥削。
相关链接
《2020年关于预防暴力侵害儿童行为的全球状况报告》执行摘要（中文）
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332395/9789240007093-chi.pdf
《2020年关于预防暴力侵害儿童行为的全球状况报告》（英文）
https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/violence-prevention/global-status-report-on-violence-against-children-2020
教科文组织应对新冠疫情的教育对策
https://zh.unesco.org/themes/education-emergencies/coronavirus-school-closures
《数字背后：终结校园暴力与霸凌》
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366483
教科文组织关于校园暴力和霸凌的工作
https://zh.unesco.org/themes/school-violence-and-bullying
INSPIRE——终结暴力侵害儿童行为的七项策略
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/207717/9789245565352-chi.pdf;jsessionid=B4B72AF755A8E6AA8B562B87AD166076?sequence=10
New UN report shows countries failing to protect children against violence
While global attention is focused on containing the COVID-19 pandemic, one out of two of two children across the world continue to be affected by physical, sexual or psychological violence, according to a new report released by UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF, the Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on Violence against Children and the End Violence Partnership.
The report – Global Status Report on Preventing Violence Against Children 2020 – brings to light the increasing number of children who are suffering injuries, disabilities and death because countries are not following established strategies to protect them from harm. The first of its kind, it charts countries’ progress against the “INSPIRE” framework, a set of seven strategies for preventing and responding to violence against children.
The report includes the first ever global homicide estimates for children under 18 years of age. In 2017, an estimated 40150 children were victims of homicide. It also draws on data from UNESCO’s 2019 report, Behind the Numbers: Ending school violence and bullying, highlighting that bullying is a major problem worldwide, with 32% of students aged 11- 15 bullied by their peers at school at least once in the last month.
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, and the related school closures, we have seen a rise in violence and hate online – and this includes bullying. Now, as schools begin to re-open, children are expressing their fears about going back to school,” said UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay. “It is our collective responsibility to ensure that schools are safe environments for all children. We need to think and act collectively to stop violence at school and in our societies at large.”
Uneven progress in implementing violence prevention strategies
Laws that ban corporal punishment of children in all settings, including schools, have the potential to reduce the violence perpetrated by adults on children, and also between children, the report finds. Yet, while 79% of countries which responded for the report ban corporal punishment, only 30% of respondents believe that those who are violent towards children for whatever reason, including teachers, will be sanctioned.
“This report is a strong reminder that having good policies is not enough, and that we need to work constantly to make sure that these policies are enforced, said UNESCO Assistant Director-General for Education Stefania Giannini. “It will be impossible to achieve inclusive and equitable quality education for all if children cannot learn in schools that are safe and free of violence, including violence perpetrated by students, teachers and other school personnel, and corporal punishment.”
COVID-19 response and its impact on children
Stay-at-home measures, including school closures, have limited the usual sources of support for families and individuals such as friends, extended family or professionals. This erodes victims’ ability to successfully cope with crises and the new routines of daily life. Spikes in calls to helplines for child abuse and intimate partner violence have been observed.
And while online communities have become central to maintain learning, support and play for many children, an increase in harmful online behavior including cyberbullying, risky online behavior and sexual exploitation have also been identified.
Related links
Global status report on preventing violence against children
https://www.who.int/global-status-report-on-violence-against-children-2020
Countries failing to prevent violence against children, agencies warn (WHO’s press release)
https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/18-06-2020-countries-failing-to-prevent-violence-against-children-agencies-warn
UNESCO’s education response to the COVID-19 pandemic
https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/
Behind the Numbers: Ending school violence and bullying
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366483
UNESCO’s work on school violence and bullying
https://en.unesco.org/themes/school-violence-and-bullying/
INSPIRE – Seven strategies for ending violence against children
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/inspire-seven-strategies-for-ending-violence-against-children