马身体部位中英文对照详解
The muzzle is the part of the horse's head that includes the area of the mouth, nostrils, chin, lips and front of the nose.
项部（Poll）：耳朵后面的部位叫做项部，位于头骨上方，有很多神经末梢和穴位。
The poll is the area immediately behind the ears and the underlying bones are the top of the skull bone. In this area are many nerve endings and acupressure points.
前额鬃毛（Forelock）：前额鬃毛从两耳之间垂下，起到一定的防止蚊虫叮咬作用。
The forelock is the tuft of mane that falls downwards between the ears above the forehead. The forelock gives the horse some protection from the weather and helps protect them from biting insects.
耳部（ears）：马耳是很灵活的，可以旋转180°，这使得马能更准确听到来自四面八方的声音。虽然马耳很柔软，但是在给马佩戴笼头的时候也不应该把马耳使劲折弯。马儿通过耳朵来表达自己的情绪。
Your horse's ears are very mobile and can swivel almost all the way around. This lets it tune into sounds it may hear beside, behind and in front of it. Ears are flexible too, although you shouldn't bend them as might happen when bridling your horse. A horse also expresses itself with its ears.
鼻孔（nostrils）：马只能通过鼻孔呼吸，周围的软骨使得鼻孔能舒张自如，帮助马呼吸。同人类一样，马的鼻毛也能帮助马阻挡灰尘的进入。
Horses only breath through their nostrils. Cartilage holds the nostrils open, and the nostrils can flare open to allow more air to pass. The folds and hairs in the nostrils help filter dust.
前额（forehead）：前额位于马的两耳之间、眼睛上方，或凹或凸或平，阿拉伯马的前额较凹而大部分温血马的前额较凸。
The forehead is the area between and just above the eyes. Foreheads can be concave, flat or convex. Arabians often have a concave or dished face. Some warmbloods have convex noses.
眼（eyes）：马的眼睛长在头的两侧，有效地开阔了视野，使马能观察到身后的状况并及时躲避食肉动物的攻击。
A horse's eyes are set slightly on the side of its head. This enables it to see forward and backwards--handy when it was important to keep an eye out for predators.
马眼上方都有个窝（蓝色箭头所示）大部分马的窝叫浅，老马或经历过磨难的年轻马通常较深。
The hollow above the eyes is the sub-orbital depression. In most well cared for horses this will be a shallow depression. Older horses or horses and ponies that have seen ‘hard times’ while have very deep sub-orbital depressions.
面颊（cheek）：脸两侧平平的地方是面颊。
The wide flat area on the side of the face is the cheek.
脖子（neck）：从马的头部到肩胛骨为脖子，共有7块颈椎骨。
The neck extends from the head to the top of the shoulder area, ending at the withers. There are seven cervical vertebrae in the neck.
颈脊（crest）：颈脊为马脖子最高的地方。理想情况下从项部到肩部是一个凸曲线，如下图。
The crest is the topline of the neck. Ideally the crest should be a gentle convex curve from the poll to the withers.
不同品种马的颈脊有不同的特点。左图为阿拉伯马，右图为夸特马，大家能看出来不同吗？？
马鬃毛（mane）：马鬃毛是指从马头到马肩隆和头顶的毛发。不同品种马的鬃毛是不一样的，如阿帕鲁萨马的鬃毛较薄而重型马的鬃毛较厚。【相关文章：什么？马的鬃毛还有这么多的讲究】
The growth of coarse hair sprouting from the horse’s crest is called the mane. Some breeds like the Appaloosa have very sparse manes, while others like Morgans and some draft breeds have very thick manes.
肩隆（withers）：肩隆连接了马的身体和脖子，是马胸椎最高的一节。
The withers are at the top of the shoulder where the neck joins the body. The ‘lump’ seen on many horses is the top of the spiny process of the tallest thoracic vertebrae.
肩部（shoulder）：肩部是从肩胛骨到胸部的位置。肩膀的倾斜程度决定了马的浪是否大，倾斜程度越大浪越大。
The shoulder is the large bone that runs from the withers down to the chest. A well-sloped shoulder can indicate a horse that will have smooth gaits. Horses with more vertical shoulders can have choppier gaits.
前肢（forearm）：组成前肢的骨头为桡骨（radius bone）前肢长的马通常步子又大又稳。
The underlying bone of the forearm is the radius bone. A long forearm is desirable as it can signify a long smooth stride.
马腿的结构与人腿的结构相似，这就是为什么有时人们说马用“脚”跑步。
膝盖（knee）：马的膝盖由许多小骨头组成，即使马膝盖也叫作knee，也是像人类那样可以向前弯曲，但它在结构上和人类却有些不同。人的膝关节为绞链关节（只能向一个方向运动）而马的膝盖由许多小肌肉、肌腱和韧带连接在一起，膝盖骨类似人手腕的骨头而结构更像人膝盖的结构。
The knee of the horse is made of several small bones. Although it is called the knee and bends forward like a human knee it is different in structure to a human knee. A human’s knee joint is a hinge joint. A horse’s knee is several bones held together by small muscles, tendons and ligaments. The bones in the knee are similar to the bones of a human’s wrists. The stifle joint is actually closer in structure to a human knee.
前肢管骨（front cannon bone）：支撑从球节到膝盖的骨头是管骨，在管骨旁有一个小小的赘骨（splint bone），大部分轻型马的管骨周长大于8英寸。
This bone extends from beneath the structures of the knee to the fetlock joint below. Along the cannon bone runs a smaller bone, called the splint bone. In most light horse breeds a cannon bone circumference that is greater than 8 inches is desirable.
球节（Fetlock Joint）：球节位于管骨和系部之间，在球节处还有块叫籽软骨（sesamoid）的骨头。
The fetlock is formed by the joint between the cannon bone and the pastern bone. At the back of the fetlock lies a small bone called the sesamoid.
球节很容易受伤，所以在日常训练和比赛中需给马打绑腿保护球节。
The fetlock is prone to strain and injury.
系部（pastern）：系部位于球节下方，由两块骨头组成。位于上方的骨头比下方的长，且下方的骨头延伸至马蹄里。
The pastern is made up of two bones that extend downwards from the fetlock. The upper bone is longer and the shorter lower bone extends into the hoof where it joins to the pedal bone inside.
马系部的角度和长度决定了马的浪是否大。系部较长的马浪小但不能做过多工作；系部短的马强壮但浪大。
The angle and length of the pastern is important to strength and smoothness of gaits. Too long a pastern, while providing supple shock absorbency for a smooth ride, may not stand up to hard work. A short pastern will be strong but the horse’s gaits may be choppier.
背部（back）：从肩隆到腰部的区域为背部。支持背部的骨骼为像鱼鳍似的脊椎骨，两侧有很多肌肉。通常背部较短的马比背部长的马更为强壮。
The back is the area that extends between the withers and the loins. Beneath the surface of the skin are the upright ‘fins’ of the vertebrae. Along either side are many muscles. Relative to body size a short back is stronger for riding than a horse with a long back.
造成马脊椎前弯的原因可能是遗传、年龄大或不当的骑乘。
Swaybacks (lordosis) can be genetic, caused by old age, or caused by improper riding.
腹部（barrel）：马腹部位于备马拉肚带的位置以后，胁腹以前。图中母马肚子较大是因为多次怀孕的缘故。
The barrel is the area behind the girth area to the flank. Beneath is the ribcage that surrounds the horse's vital organs. On the mare in the photo, the barrel is distended from repeatedly carrying foals.
腰部（loins）：腰部位于鞍子后方，胁腹上方。
The loins are are area just behind where the saddle sits, above the flanks. This rooster is perched just behind the loin area.
胁腹（flanks）：腹部后面的区域为肋腹，可以通过观察胁腹的浮动观察马呼吸的频率。如果马胁腹向里凹陷证明马脱水，这就要求人们在冬季和夏季一定及时给马供给干净的饮用水。
The slightly indented area behind the area of the barrel is the flank. This is the area you watch to count your horse’s respiration. If the flank appears unusually sunken this can mean your horse is dehydrated. Always have fresh clean water available for your horse summer and winter.
胫部（Gaskin）：胫部为马的后肢膝关节和跗关节之间的部位，肌肉相当发达。胫部由胫骨和腓骨组成，等同于人的小腿。
The gaskin is the muscular area between the stifle and the hock. The underlying bones are the tibia and the smaller fibula which are equivalent to our calf and shin bones.
后腿膝关节（Stifle）：膝关节位于马髋部（股骨）和胫部之间，马的膝关节类似于人类的膝关节。
Underlying the stifle area is the stifle joint formed between the large hip bone (femur) which is equivalent to our thigh bone and the tibia. The stifle joint somewhat resembles a human knee. =
飞节（hock）：飞节是马后腿上最大的一个关节，它由多个小骨头组成，其跟骨（Os Calsis） 最为突出，因为它使飞节呈一个弯曲的角度。飞节支持了整条后腿，所以它的健康强壮对马非常重要。
The hock joint is the largest joint on the horse's hind legs. The joint is made of several small bones, the most prominent being the Os Calsis which gives the hock its angular shape. The strength of the hocks is very important as this is the most active joint in the horse’s hind legs.
后肢骨（Hind Canon Bone）：后肢骨是位于踝关节与球节之间的跖骨，与人类的脚包括脚趾的骨头相似。
The hind or rear cannon bones are the metatarsals and run between the hock joint and the fetlock. These bones are similar to the bones in your foot, excluding your toes.
臀部（croup/ rump）：臀部是从后肢最高点到尾巴的区域。
The croup is the area from the highest point of the hindquarters to top of the tail.
尾巴根（dock）：尾巴根，顾名思义是尾巴的根部。马尾总是自然下垂，你是不是认为马尾上没有骨头支持？？其实在马尾巴根部也有部分肌肉和从脊椎骨眼神下来的几段骨头。
The area at the top of the tail is called the dock. Below the skin are muscles and the extension of the vertebrae from the spine.
尾巴（tail）：尾巴是由脊椎骨继续延长，由15个小椎骨构成。尾巴根和尾巴上的肌肉使尾巴可以自由移动来表达马的心情、保持平衡和驱赶虫子。
The tail is an extension of the spine. There are about 15 small vertebrae that make up the bone structure of the tail. The muscles through the dock and tail make the tail very mobile for both expressing mood, balancing, and swishing away insects.
转自：译匠，内容转自：马语狗说（horses-with-dogs），作者：布妮。