高三冲刺阶段阅读理解题的讲法探索——篇章模式预测和验证
最近一段时间我在阅读理解讲解方式上采用：语篇结构预测和验证模型。不巧，今天学校视导课后，校教导处的英语刘特级非常赞赏，觉得这个模式很实用，是真正培养学生的解题和读文能力。后来一起听课的校领导要我跟其他老师都讲讲这个。我想了想，不如简单写篇文章解释一下吧。不过，这个模式需要老师事先对语篇结构都非常熟悉。
1、课型说明
语篇结构预测和验证模型很简单：
1.阅读语篇分类；
2.语篇结构预测（采用思维导图形式）；
3.读中验证；
4.微观建模
1.首先要把阅读理解分类，不能不分青红皂白一锅端，譬如科普说明文中的研究新成果的放一起，这样集中有个对比，对语篇的表层解码和深层认知上能加深理解；
2.在阅读前，激发大家在黑板上用思维导图形式预测这样的语篇模式，这里教师要适当提醒；
3.让学生对每一段进行总结，再和思维导图的内容进行配对；
4.针对具体的语篇会有新的增加，譬如对话模式。
2、示范说明
这篇选自同类语篇结构组题之一，了解了这篇后，其它各篇都会非常容易解决。（标题已去）
A new study found that over the last decade, a total of 830 US children died from flu. Of these, more than 40 percent did not have medical conditions such as asthma ( 哮喘) or heart disease that would put them at high risk of developing complications (并发症).
What’s more, previously healthy children were nearly twice as likely to die from flu before they were admitted to hospital, or within three days of showing symptoms, compared with children who had high-risk medical conditions and got the flu. The study stresses the fact that all children, regardless of age or pre-existing medical conditions, can potentially develop severe new illness from the flu virus.
“Healthy kids are at risk too. I think that’s something that a lot of people don’t recognize,” said study researcher Dr Karen Wong of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).“People can get very sick very quickly, even if they don’t have a potential medical condition.”
The findings indicate the importance of flu vaccination ( 接种疫苗) for all children aged 6 months and older, the researchers said. Of the 511 children who died and who were suitable for vaccination, just 16 percent had received a flu shot. The findings also suggest that children who develop severe illness from flu, who are hospitalized or who are at high risk of complications (such as those less than 2 years old) should receive treatment with anti-virus drugs as soon as possible, the researchers said.
The study analyzed information on child flu deaths reported to the CDC. During the study period, the deadliest flu season for children was 2009 to 2010; over that time, 282 children died. The mildest flu season was 2011 to 2012, in which 35 deaths occurred. The majority of deaths, 57 percent, occurred among children with high-risk medical conditions. Of these, the most commonly reported condition was a neurological disorder, with 33 percent of these children having a condition related to the nervous system. This was followed by lung disorders (26 percent), asthma (16 percent) and genetic disorders (12 percent).
It is especially important that children with high-risk medical conditions receive flu shots before the flu season begins, the researchers said. It’s not clear why previously healthy children are at greater risk of death soon after the symptoms start. But healthy kids are also more likely to have a bacterial infection along with their flu infection, which may have contributed to the differences in outcomes between the two groups, the researchers said.
跟学生说，今天我们解决科普说明文中的发明发现类的阅读4篇，我重点和大家一起解决第一篇，后面几篇采用快速阅读技能巩固模式。
黑板板书如下:
新发现类的科普说明文语篇结构思维导图填充
Para 1: 研究的现象（found that…）
Para 2: 研究的结果（the fact that…all children can…）
Para 3: 引用话来证明结果（感情副词：very quickly）
Para 4: 研究的作用（the importance of…; children should receive treatment）
Para 5: 实验的途径（不用看具体的数据）
Para 6:实验的结论（照应前文）和实验的未解问题
这样可以一一对应：
这样做的好处是，加深学生的图式理解。还是要强调，最好是至少三篇同类的一起练习。
以上是大致对应，但不同篇章会有一些小的不同，就需要和学生一起去探讨：
第一段：就是两个个句子，重点看found that...,对于长句子一定要培养长句简化能力，即：抓主干：a total of ...died. ...More than...did not have medical conditions.
第三段：这段是引用话语，主要证明上面的结论，可见：科普说明文中的引用不用太细看，只要抓住感情色彩词即可：get sick very quickly.感情色彩词是比较容易命题点，用来出不同人的看法的细节题。
第四段：要注意抓路标词also,这是暗示本段讲到两个层面。
最后一句是一个层面，太长，必须培养学生长句简化能力：
主干：children should receive treatment with...as soon as possible.
再分析中间的定语从句。长句基本都会有命题点，本句就有下面的题目。
第五段：太多的数字不用细看，只看第一句即可，它告诉我们这个研究是通过分析数据而来的。
第六段：要抓住it is not clear why...和but...，这不仅告诉我们这个研究的一些未解问题，还告诉我们一些新颖的观点。
实际分析过程中，教师可以鼓励学生自己命题，实际上是培养学生学会提问的能力。
我们就可以在原有的模式下补充两个：
科普说明文论证手段：数据分析；权威引用
来源 | 飚记英语
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