经济学人 | 阳光下的罪恶：All against one

本篇预计学习

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校园这两个字让你想起了什么？是纯真的学生时代，老师飞扬的板书，同学课间的嬉笑吗?

然而对于有些人，却不是那么美好，他们关于校园的记忆是辱骂、冷漠、痛苦与折磨，有一些人甚至选择用自己的鲜血来终止这种生活。

校园暴力夺走了太多孩子的笑容，而今同样的故事却还在上演……

”

All against one

以众欺少

Why being picked on in a Japanese school is especially traumatic

为什么在日本学校被欺凌是极其悲惨的事情

［1］Five months after the tsunami that led to his family’s evacuation from Fukushima, the boy enrolled at a new school in Yokohama. His new classmates were pitiless. They called him “germ boy”. They stole his things. They punched and kicked him and threw him down the stairs; they took him to a “study” room and beat him some more. He was eight years old.

pick on：招惹; 找茬儿; 责备

[例句]Bullies pick on younger children.

坏孩子专挑年纪更小的孩子欺负。

traumatic：悲惨的，创伤的，名词形式trauma是创伤，精神损伤的意思。

tsunami：海啸;英文里本没有用来表示海啸的单词，这个单词是直接从日文读音译过去的，但“tsunami”字面不易使英语使用者了解到海啸的意思，故科学研究的领域上普遍使用“Tidal Wave”一词。作者可能是为了契合这篇文章的日本主题而采用。

[例句]The government encourages the growth of enterprises through tax cut in this financial tsunami.

面对金融海啸，国家减税以扶持企业发展。

evacuation：疏散; 撤离; 撤退; 撤空

[例句]Three hours before first light Fuentes gave orders for the evacuation of the camp.

黎明前3个小时富恩特斯下达了撤离营地的命令。

Fukushima：福岛（日本本州岛东北部城市）;

[例句]A longtime supporter of nuclear power, she shut down seven reactors after the Fukushima disaster this year.

作为一个核能发电的长期支持者，她在今年的福岛核电站事故之后关闭了七个反应堆。

enrolled：入学登记了的;登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员

[例句]The college has enrolled another group of research students this year.

这所大学今年又收了一批研究生。

Yokohama：横滨（日本本州岛东南岸港市）

[例句]We have branches in most of the cities of the world, from Yokohama to york.

我们在世界上大多数城市，从横滨到约克，都设有分公司。

pitiless：没有怜悯心的，无情的，忍心

punch and kick：拳打脚踢

由于海啸，一个小男孩跟着家人从福岛逃到横滨，5个月后，小男孩转学到了那里的一所新学校。他的新同学非常残忍冷酷，他们叫他“垃圾”，他们偷他的东西，打他，甚至会把他扔下楼梯。有时还会带着他到学习室，更加残忍地打他。经历这一切的时候，他，才八岁。

［2］The abuse went on for nearly three years before the bullies added extortion. In 2014 they told the boy to hand over any compensation his family may have received after their evacuation. His parents were in fact not eligible for any recompense, but relatives had lent them ¥1.5m ($13,000). They kept it in cash at home, fearful that they would again lose access to bank accounts. The boy gave all the money to his classmates. After the cash ran out he stopped going to school altogether.

extortion：敲诈，勒索; 被勒索的财物; 敲诈者; [法] 恐吓取财

[例句]He has been charged with extortion and abusing his powers.

他被控犯有敲诈勒索罪和滥用职权罪。

eligible：合适的; 在（法律上或道德上）合格的; 有资格当选的; 称心如意的。not eligible for sth，没有……的资格

recompense：补偿; 赔偿; 酬谢; 酬报

[例句]He demands no financial recompense for his troubles

他没有对自己遭遇的麻烦要求经济赔偿。

altogether：总共，全部地，完全地，这里表示“完全地”，理解为“干脆不去上学了”。与together区分，together意为在一起、同时、一致地。

他在学校遭受凌虐这种情况一直持续了3年。那些欺凌者变本加厉，开始对他敲诈勒索。2014年，那些坏孩子让小男孩上交因为他们家乡受灾政府发放的所有补贴金。其实小男孩的父母没有资格得到政府的补贴，是亲戚们出手相援，借给他们150万日元，相当于13,000美元。因为害怕银行账户会把账户冻结，小男孩的父母把钱放在了家里。小男孩把所有的钱都偷了出来交给他的同学，没钱了之后，他也不去上学了。

［3］ The boy, now 13, is one of hundreds of evacuees to have been bullied at school. And they are part of a broader problem. Bullying may or may not be more common in Japanese schools than elsewhere, but it is unusually intense when it happens. In 1986 a boy killed himself after classmates, egged on by the teacher, topped months of mental torture with a mock funeral. Since then, thousands of articles and hundreds of books have been written on the subject.

evacuee：被疏散者; 被撤离者; 撤退者

[例句]The experiences and lessons from the evacuation and refuge after earthquakes indicate that the park of city is an important evacuee shelter.

地震灾害避难疏散的经验与教训表明，城市公园是重要的避难场所；

may or may not be：可能是，可能不是

egg on：（俚语）怂恿，egg除了鸡蛋的常见含义，在作动词时还有怂恿煽动的意思。拓展的还有一个俚语，have egg on someone’s face，脸上挂着臭鸡蛋，意为尴尬、让某人出丑、处于难堪的状态。

torture：折磨; 拷问; 痛苦; （精神上或肉体上的） 折磨

[例句]French police are convinced that she was tortured and killed

法国警方确信她是被拷打致死。

mock：嘲弄

top：达到顶端，形成顶部，这里意为遭受。

而13岁的他，是成百上千个受欺凌的逃难家庭孩子之一。他们只是这个广泛问题中的一部分。校园欺凌在日本的学校不一定比其他地方更为常见，但是一旦发生就非常严重。1986年，在教师怂恿下，一男孩遭受同班同学长达几个月“假葬礼”恶作剧的精神折磨，最后自杀身亡。自这起自杀事件之后，很多关于该事件的文章和书籍纷纷发表。

［4］Yet there is no sign that the bullies are laying off. In 2015 nine bullied pupils killed themselves, according to government figures. Suicide is the biggest cause of death for Japanese aged 10 to 19, and the first day of school the most common date for it.

lay off：暂时解雇，裁员; 停止工作[活动]; 停止做某种不快的事; 暂时解雇

[例句]100,000 federal workers will be laid off to reduce the deficit

10万联邦公务人员将被辞退以减少赤字。

pupil：学生，未成年人，可特指小学生

suicide：自杀; 自杀行为; 自杀者

She tried to commit suicide on several occasions.

她自杀过好几次。

and the first day of school the most common date for it. and为并列连词，并列前后两个完整的句子，整个句子是and并列的第二个句子，只不过省略了谓语动词is。所以更完整的表达是the first day of school is the most common date for it，即去学校的第一天就是这种死亡序曲的开幕。

但是校园欺凌丝毫没有要停止的迹象。根据政府数据，2015年9个遭受欺凌的小孩自杀，日本10岁到19岁青年的第一死因为自杀，而这经常发生在开学第一天。

［5］According to Mitsuru Taki of the Ministry of Education, bullying in other countries tends to involve two or three pupils picking on another. In Japan, in contrast, most cases involve a big portion of a class inflicting insistent psychological (and occasionally physical) torment on a single victim. “Bullies in Japan are not rotten apples,”he says. “It is a group phenomenon.”

Ministry of Education：教育部，Ministry of 是xx部的意思，类似的还有Ministry of Agriculture农业部，Ministry of Construction 建设部等。

in contrast：对比之下，相反的

psychological：精神上的，心理上的

physical：身体的，自然的

torment：折磨，痛苦; 痛苦的根源; 刑罚; 使折磨，使痛苦

rotten apples：（俚语）坏孩子，坏家伙，害群之马

教育部的泷指出，其他国家的欺凌通常是2到3个小孩欺负一个，日本不是，很多的欺凌事件都是一个班级的大部分人对一个目标的持续心理和身体的折磨。他说：“日本的欺凌者不是坏孩子，这是一个群体现象。”

［6］There are many reasons for this idiosyncratic form of bullying. “A characteristic of Japan is that you should not stand out,” argues the head teacher of a secondary school in Tokyo. “Pupils have to lead a collective life when they are at school,” adds Koju Matsubayashi, an offcial in the anti-bullying department at the ministry. Erika, an 18-year-old who left her school in Tokyo after being bullied, agrees. “I was told by teachers to adapt or quit, so I quit.”

idiosyncratic：乖僻的，怪异的，特殊的

[例句]The model of idiosyncratic exchange provides a varriant of contrast theory.

特质交换模型为我们提供了契约理论的一个变种。

stand out：突出，站出来，超群

head teacher：（中小学的）校长

这种特殊的欺凌背后有很多原因。一位东京的中学校长指出“日本的一个特点就是你不能特立独行”，一位反欺凌部门的官员补充说，“小孩子在学校必须过集体生活，和其他人保持一致。”绘梨花，一个十八岁的女孩，在遭受欺凌后退学，同意上述观点，“老师告诉我，要么接受，要么退学，所以我退学了。”

［7］ The way Japanese schools are organised adds to the pressure to conform. Children learn in a “homeroom”: teachers of different subjects come to them. School activities, such as cleaning, eating lunch and studying, are organised in groups. Pupils must often adhere to exact rules about their uniforms, hairstyles and grooming. Individuals who do not kuuki wo yomu (roughly translated as “read the vibes”) can be shunned by other members of the class. 

conform：符合; 遵照；一致的; 顺从的;

[例句]The Night Rider lamp has been designed to conform to new British Standard safety requirements.

“夜行者”灯的设计符合新的英国安全标准的要求。

homeroom：指导教室

adhere to：坚持，附着，遵循

[例句]We must adhere to the principle of making study serve the practical purpose.

我们必须坚持学以致用的原则。

grooming：喂马; 整饰; 照料或梳洗（马等）( groom的现在分词); 推荐

[例句]Monkeys and apes spend a great deal of time grooming one another's fur.

猿猴花费大量时间互相梳理身上的皮毛。

read the vibes：vibe是感应，读到这种感应——遵守这种规则

shun：避免; 避开，回避

[例句]From that time forward everybody shunned him

从那时候起，每个人都有意回避他。

日本学校的组织方式也增加了被迫从众的压力。孩子们都是在指导教室学习，不同科目的老师会过来上课。打扫卫生，午饭，学习等校园活动都是分小组的，孩子们也必须要服装统一，装扮统一。不遵守规则的会被其他同学孤立。

［8］The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a triennial test run by the OECD, a club mostly of rich countries, suggests that Japanese students are among the top performers academically. They also have among the lowest truancy rates. But they say they enjoy school less than nearly everyone else. Shoko Yoneyama of the University of Adelaide argues that Japanese schools are “dysfunctional communities”.

triennial：三年的，每三年一度的;三年生植物，三年一次的事物

truancy：逃学; 旷课; 玩忽职守; 逃避责任

[例句]Schools need to reduce levels of truancy.

学校需要减少旷课人数。

dysfunctional：功能失调的

Dys-做前缀表示不良，困难，障碍，常用于医学用语中，比如dysadrenalism，肾上腺功能紊乱。

[例句]It's the isolation, rejection, and loneliness these kids feel in their broken and dysfunctional families.

它的孤立，排斥，这些孤独的孩子感受到其破裂和家庭。

经济合作与发展组织（OECD）是一个主要由富国组成的俱乐部，它运行了一个为期三年的实验——国际学生评估计划（PISA）。实验表明：从理论上讲，日本学生最安分守己，最不容易惹是生非。他们也有最低的逃学率。但是，日本小孩在学校感受到的快乐也是最少的。阿德莱德大学的米山翔子认为日本的学校是一个扭曲的组织群体。

Backing the bad guys

助纣为虐

［9］Teachers rarely help. They are renowned for their pedagogical prowess, especially in maths. But most are not trained to spot bullying. There are few incentives to notice or deal with it, notes Kanae Doi of Human Rights Watch (HRW). Teachers who do not achieve harmony, she says, are seen as poor performers. One survey suggests that around 12% of teachers have taken part in bullying. A quarter of high schools allow corporal punishment.

renowned：有名的，享有声誉的;有声望的

Pedagogical：师范; 教师的，适宜于教师的，教学（法）的(pedagogical)

prowess：英勇; 高超技艺

[例句]He's always bragging about his prowess as a cricketer

他总是吹嘘自己板球球技的高超。

incentive：动机，激励

harmony：和谐

corporal：人体的

词根Corp表示身体，例如词corpse，表示尸体。

老师不会帮忙。他们很擅长教学，特别是数学，但是在如何处理欺凌事件上，他们没有接受过训练。人权监察组织的金江村多伊说，没有什么激励条件让人去关注或解决这种事。她说，那些无法实现和谐的教师会被认为是无能者。一份报告显示12%的老师会参与到欺凌中。四分之一的高中允许体罚。

［10］Since the 1980s various task-forces have tried to curb bullying. But the local school boards that interpret the national curriculum and hire teachers have neglected the problem. In the case of the boy from Fukushima, the school board in Yokohama for months tried to blame him for what had happened, suggesting he had handed over his family’s savings voluntarily, before changing its mind after much public criticism. 

curriculum：全部课程，课程

[例句]There should be a broader curriculum in schools for post-16-year-old pupils

学校对16岁以上的学生开设的课程，范围应该更广一些。

blame sb for sth：因某事责怪某人，将……归咎于……

voluntarily：志愿地; 自动地，自发地

[例句]Four people who sought refuge in the Italian embassy have left voluntarily

4名在意大利大使馆寻求避难的人已经自愿离开了。

自20世纪80年代以来，各种工作小组试图采取措施制止欺凌。但是当地的学校校董，那些宣称要采用国际化教学并负责雇佣老师的人，他们一直就忽略了这件事情。以那个福岛男孩为例，横滨学校董事会在长达几个月的时间里一直在将事件的责任归咎于男孩本身，表示是他自己主动把家里的钱交出来的。该校在受到公众批评之后才换了说法。

［11］An anti-bullying law passed in 2013 requires schools to report cases of bullying. It has led to a sharp rise in the number of known cases, from a few thousand a year to 224,450 in 2015. Yet there are suspiciously wide disparities between regions. In 2015 Kyoto prefecture reported 90.6 cases per 1,000 pupils; Saga prefecture, in southern Japan, recorded just 3.5. Mr Taki reckons that even Kyoto underestimates the scale of the abuse.

suspiciously：猜疑地，怀疑的; 疑心很深地; 引起怀疑地; 心怀鬼胎地，满腹狐疑地

[例句]The tan-coloured dog looks suspiciously like an American pit bull terrier

这只棕黄色的狗看上去非常像美国比特犬。

disparities：不同，差距，悬殊

Kyoto：京都，与东京Tokto区分。

prefecture：地方官的任期，辖区

[例句]He was born in Yamagata prefecture, north of Tokyo.

他出生在东京以北的山形县。

reckon：认为; 计算; 测算，估计; 评定，断定

underestimate：低估; 看轻; 对…估计不足; 把…的价值估计过低

[例句]None of us should ever underestimate the degree of difficulty women face in career advancement

我们谁都不应该低估女性在事业发展过程中所面临的困难程度。

2013年日本通过了反欺凌法，要求学校必须上报欺凌事件。被曝光的事件数量陡增，从一年几千增长到2015年的224450件。但各地区之间仍然存在可疑的巨大差异。2015年，根据报告，京都地区每一千名学生中有90.6起欺凌事件，日本南部的佐贺县每千名学生中却只有3.5起案件。泷先生认为就连京都都低估了实际欺凌事件的数量。（这个例子是为了说明为什么差异很可疑。“连京都都低估了数量”，佐贺县的数量肯定也少报了，而且少报了太多。）

［12］The law has prodded teachers to report bullying but it has done little to change how they deal with the problem. Bullies are rarely punished: in 2014 there were 188,057 reported cases and just two suspensions. The law also assumes that conformity is the way to stop bullying. It says teachers should “cultivate recognition… among students that they are part of a group”. But some pupils are simply more likely to be victims and need protection— like evacuees. 

prod：刺针，刺棒; 刺激，激励

[例句]He prodded Murray with the shotgun

他用猎枪捅了捅默里。

suspension：停职

conformity：符合; 一致; 遵从; 依照

[例句]The prime minister is, in conformity with the constitution, chosen by the president.

依照宪法，首相由总统选定。

cultivate：培养，耕作，种植

evacuee：难民

法律只是鼓励教师上报欺凌事件，但对于如何处理这个问题还是毫无帮助。欺凌者很少受到惩罚，2014年188057起上报案例中，只有两个被停职的。法律也认为融入团体是阻止欺凌的办法，它称教师应该向孩子培养他们是团体的一部分这种意识。但是一些孩子就是容易成为被害者，需要被保护，像是前文提到的难民。

［13］Or gay pupils. A report last year by HRW concluded that bullying of gay children in Japanese schools was “nearly ubiquitous”. It cited a survey by Yasuharu Hi-daka of Takarazuka University that found that 44% of gay teenage boys were bullied. One told HRW that teachers said his sexuality broke the harmony of the school. Separate research by Mr Hidaka suggests that roughly one Japanese teacher in three thinks homosexuality is a mental illness. 

ubiquitous：无所不在的; 普遍存在的

[例句]In the US, the camcorder has become ubiquitous

便携式摄录机在美国随处可见。

homosexuality：同性恋关系

或者是同性恋学生。去年人权监察组织的一份报告总结，日本学校对同性恋儿童的欺凌十分普遍。宝冢大学一位学者的报告显示，44%的同性恋男孩曾被欺凌。一个小孩对人权监察组织说，老师说他的性取向破坏了学校的和谐。日高先生的独立研究显示，几乎每三个日本教师中就有一个认为同性恋是精神疾病的。

［14］The government has said it will review its anti-bullying policies. But laws alone will not curb it. That requires policy makers and teachers to recognise that too much conformity plays a part. In November the 13-year-old from Fukushima issued a message for evacuees enduring similar ordeals. “It is painful,” he said through his parents, “but please do not choose to die.”

curb：遏制

ordeal：折磨; 严峻的考验; 苦难的经验; 神判法

[例句]She described her agonising ordeal.

她描述了自己备受折磨的苦难经历。

政府称其会重新审视反欺凌法，但是仅仅靠法律是不能够遏制这种现象的，那些政策制定者和老师应该意识到一味让学生顺从融入也是导致欺凌现象的原因之一。九月，那个已经13岁的福岛小男孩，通过其父母对忍受着相似折磨的撤离者（因为灾祸离开原居住地的人）说：我知道你很痛苦，但是请不要选择死亡。

校园欺凌不是日本独有的现象，几乎所有国家都存在，其中也包括中国。然而中国虽然也不断爆出类似事件，但始终没有被正视，相关法律并不完善，有人吐槽说未成年人保护法保护的都是伤害未成年人的凶手。

施暴的是同学，失责的是老师，无为的是家长，然而让受害者走到最后绝境的，是整个社会。没有人能在那一具具年轻的遗体前说自己是无辜的，没人在他们自杀前给予过帮助，让他们可以脱离那种痛苦。为什么会这样呢？

有人指责受害者不求助，“只有当一个人觉得求助有用时，他才会那么做”，老师为了维护自己的事业，而面对受伤的孩子一言不发，父母也许注意到孩子的失常，也许听到过他不想上学的暗示，但都没有给予足够的重视甚至可能认为是孩子自己的问题，而看到的同学也只选择了沉默，孤立无援的孩子只能以死亡来解脱。

在打击校园暴力这件事上，我们还任重而道远，希望有一天，每一个陷入类似困境的少年都能平安地挣脱困境，而阳光之下，不再有默默哭泣的孩子。

英文原文：

http://www.economist.com/news

讲解：霞姐 / Tiassa / Angel / 魔力校花

编排 / 校对：Angel / 魔力校花

版权归魔力学院所有，鼓励转发，转载也可

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