其他
美国文学简史（七）
I. Nathaniel HawthorneII. Herman Melville
Romantic Poets
I. Walt WhitmanII. Emily DickensonIII. Comparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson
2. works (1) Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales Mosses from and Old Manse (2) The Scarlet Letter (3) The House of the Seven Gables (4) The Marble Faun
3. Point of view (1)Evil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne” (2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality因果关系). (3) He is of the opinion that evil educates. (4) He has disgust in science.
4. Aesthetic（美学的） ideas (1) He took a great interest in history and antiquity（古物）. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition（成就，结果）. (2) He was convinced that romance was the predestined（预先决定） form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize（讽刺） and yet not to offend（冒犯）: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.
5. Style – typical romantic writer (1) The use of symbols（象征） (2) Revelation of characters’ psychology（心理） (3) The use of supernatural mixed with the actual (4) His stories are parable（寓言） (parable inform) – to teach a lesson (5) Use of ambiguity（含糊，模糊） to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point of view
2. works Typee Omio Mardi Redburn White Jacket Moby Dick Pierre Billy Budd
3. Point of view (1) He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of “Everlasting Nay” (negative attitude towards life). (2) One of the major themes of his is alienation（.疏远；离间） (far away from each other).Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress
4. Style(1) Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.(2) He tends to write periodic（掉尾句的） chapters.(3) His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely（很多的） commented upon and praised.(4) His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5) He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)
2. Writers of colonial period Anne Bradstreet 安妮 布莱德斯特里特 Edward Taylor 爱德华.泰勒 Roger Williams 罗杰威廉姆斯 John Woolman 约翰·伍尔曼 Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩 Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺
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