英国政府机构（二）

英国政府机构Ⅰ.The Monarchy  君主制Ⅱ.Parliament  议会Ⅲ.The Cabinet and Ministry  内阁和内阁部长Ⅳ.The Privy Council  枢密院Ⅴ.Government Department and the Civil Service    政府各部和公务员Ⅵ.Local Government  地方政府部门

英国政府机构之议会

II．Parliament议会
1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign（君主）, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。

2.The main functions of Parliament are:议会的主要作用是：(1) to pass laws;（1）通过立法；
 (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government;（2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金；
(3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure;（3）检查政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议；
and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.（4）当天的议题辩论。

3.The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.
贵族院（上议院）由神职贵族和世俗贵族组成。
The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.
它的主要作用是用议员的丰富经验帮助立法。
In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber（会议厅） of revision, complementing but not rivaling（竞争） the elect House.
换而言之，非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而非反对由选举产生的下议院。

4.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage（投票） and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs).It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority.
下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由651名议员组成。下议院拥有最终立法权。

5.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons.
英国被划分为651个选区，每个选区选一名下议院议员。
A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.
大选必须五年举行一次，但经常不到五年就进行一次选举。

6.Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.
英国有很多政党，但有两个主要的政党-保守党和工党。
Since 1945, either the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed（任命） Prime Minister.
从1945年以来，两党一直轮流执政，在大选中获多数议席因而在下议院拥有多数支持者的政党组建政府，多数党领袖由君主任命为首相。
The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and "shadow cabinet ".
获得第二多数议席的政党则正式成为"反对党"，有自己的领袖和影子内阁。
The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation（制定） of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with the Government.
反对党的目的是帮助制定政策，它可以经常给政府提出批评性的建议和修正议案。 
生词汇 Sovereign（君主）chamber（会议厅）rival（竞争）suffrage（投票）appoint（任命）formulation（制定） 

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