WIPO China: The Origin and Interpretation of the Marrakesh Treaty
图：WIPO中国办事处 | Photo: WOC
一
《马拉喀什条约》的由来
The Origin of the Marrakesh Treaty
每年，全世界都有数以百万计的图书出版，而其中仅有 1% ～ 7%的图书能够为世界上 3.14 亿盲人和视力障碍者所获得，他们中的 90% 属于发展中国家的低收入阶层。
Each year, of the millions of books published worldwide, only 1–7 percent are made available to the 314 million persons in the world who are blind and visually impaired, 90 percent of whom live in low-income settings in developing countries.
2013年6月27日，世界知识产权组织（WIPO）成员国通过了《关于为盲人、视力障碍者或其他印刷品阅读障碍者获得已出版作品提供便利的马拉喀什条约》（以下简称《马拉喀什条约》），以解决这一通常被称为全球书荒的问题。
The Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled (“the Marrakesh Treaty”) was adopted by the Member States of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) on June 27, 2013, to address this problem, commonly referred to as the global book famine.
《马拉喀什条约》以《世界人权宣言》和联合国《残疾人权利公约》（UNCRPD）提出的人权原则为构想，是首部明确纳入了人权视角的版权条约。《马拉喀什条约》表明，版权制度是应对改善印刷品阅读障碍者获取图书和其他印刷作品途径问题的重要手段之一。
Conceived in line with the human rights principles outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), the Marrakesh Treaty is the first copyright treaty to include a clear human rights perspective. The Marrakesh Treaty demonstrates that copyright systems are an important part of the solution to the challenge of improving access to books and other printed works for persons with print disabilities.
《马拉喀什条约》已于 2016年9月30日起生效，目前覆盖超过107个国家，中国全国人大常委会于2021年10月23日批准了该条约。
The Marrakesh Treaty entered into force on September 30, 2016, now covering more than 107 countries. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China adopted the decision to ratify the Marrakesh Treaty on October 23, 2021.
二
《马拉喀什条约》的要素
Main Elements of the Marrakesh Treaty
1. 《马拉喀什条约》的定义
Definitions of the Marrakesh Treaty
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“受益人”被定义为受一种或多种残疾影响，无法有效阅读印刷品的人。这一定义的范围很广，包括视力障碍者以及因身体残疾而不能持书或翻书的人。
A “beneficiary” is defined as someone affected by one or more in a range of disabilities that interfere with the effective reading of printed material. This broad definition includes persons who are visually impaired as well those with a physical disability that prevents them from holding and manipulating a book.
“作品”是指除非以替代格式或无障碍格式，否则“受益人”无法阅读或获得的材料，在这一意义上，“作品”和“无障碍格式版”的定义与受益人的概念密切相关。条约中“作品”的定义仅限于形式为文字、符号和（或）相关图示的材料，按缔约方的一项议定声明，也包括有声读物。
The definitions of “works” and“accessible format copy” are closely related to the concept of beneficiaries in the sense that “works” refers to those materials that the “beneficiary” would not be able to read or access, except in an alternative or accessible format. The definition of “works” within theTreaty is limited to materials in the form of text, notation and/or related illustration, and an agreed statement by the Contracting Parties clarifies that this also includes audiobooks.
“无障碍格式版”的定义相当宽泛，涵盖了使视力障碍者可以像无视力障碍者一样切实可行、舒适地获取内容的任何格式，其中包括数字格式。
The definition of “accessible format copy” is fairly broad and covers any format that permits a person with a visual impairment or other print disability to have access to the content as feasibly and comfortably as a person without such a disability, including digital formats.
《马拉喀什条约》承认，政府和非政府组织在向印刷品阅读障碍者提供替代格式材料的获取途径方面发挥着重要作用。因此，条约允许这些组织实施一般情况下为版权法所禁止的特定行为，以便为“受益人”提供协助。
The Marrakesh Treaty recognizes that governmental and non-governmental organizations play an important role in providing persons with print disabilities with access to alternative format materials. For that reason the Treaty allows these organizations to perform certain acts, otherwise prohibited under copyright law, in order to assist the “beneficiaries”.
在定义中，《马拉喀什条约》指出“被授权实体”需要遵守使用作品的一些条件，例如确保只有依本条约被视作“受益人”的个人才有权获得无障碍格式版。《马拉喀什条约》没有要求某一组织履行任何手续或者履行特定程序才能获得承认，成为“被授权实体”。然而，本条约没有禁止这种措施，从而给予了成员国在国家层面创设这种程序的余地。
In the definition, the Marrakesh Treaty states that “authorized entities” need to observe some conditions regarding the use of the work, for example ensuring that only those individuals considered as “beneficiaries” according to the Treaty will enjoy access to accessible format copies. The Marrakesh Treaty does not require an organization to fulfill any formalities or undertake specific procedures to obtain recognition as an “authorized entity”. However, the Treaty does not forbid such measures and thus gives Member States the leeway to create such procedures at the national level.
2. 实施条约时需要履行的义务
Main obligations when implementing the Treaty
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《马拉喀什条约》要求缔约方在国家层面实施条约时履行两项主要义务，尽管缔约方依其本国法律制度也可能采取这种做法。第一项义务是提供一个版权的限制与例外，以便使“受益人”和“被授权实体”能够进行必要的修改，将作品的复制件制作成无障碍格式提供给印刷品阅读障碍者。第二项义务是允许这些依据《马拉喀什条约》规定的限制与例外或依法制作的无障碍格式版“跨境交换”。
The Marrakesh Treaty requires that Contracting Parties fulfill two main obligations when implementing the Treaty at the national level, although they may do so according to their own legal systems. The first is to provide for a limitation or an exception to copyright in order to allow “beneficiaries” and “authorized entities” to undertake any changes needed to make a copy of a work in an accessible format for persons with a print disability. The second is to allow the exchange across borders of those accessible copies produced according to the limitations and exceptions provided in the Marrakesh Treaty, or in accordance with the operation of law.
三
《马拉喀什条约》的益处
Benefits of the Marrakesh Treaty
《马拉喀什条约》有一个共同的目标和益处 ：增加全世界印刷品阅读障碍者获取图书、杂志和其他印刷材料的途径。
The Marrakesh Treaty has one shared goal and benefit: To increase access to books, magazines and other printed materials for the world’s population of persons with print disabilities.
1. 提高对于印刷品阅读障碍群体和残疾人面对的挑战的认识
Improve awareness of the challenges faced by the print-disabled community and persons with disabilities
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《马拉喀什条约》是一部促进讨论，提高关于有必要制定政策以使残疾人受益的认识的文书。例如，《马拉喀什条约》的实施可以为其他类型的残疾人提供获取作品的途径，或者促使采取行动落实《联合国残疾人权利公约》UNCRPD）的其他条款，使更广泛的残疾人群体受益。
The Marrakesh Treaty is an instrument that fosters discussion and raises awareness about the need for policies that benefit persons with disabilities. For example, the implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty could provide access to works for persons with other types of disabilities, or trigger actions to implement additional provisions of the UNCRPD, in favor of the wider community of persons with disabilities.
2.提高受教育的机会
Facilitate access to education
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毫无疑问，教育在社会中发挥至关重要的作用，对于一个人的生活具有不可估量的影响。获得无障碍格式的教育材料是印刷品阅读障碍者能够获得教育机会的关键因素。与此同时，只有教育机构也能获得无障碍格式的材料时，才能够向印刷品阅读障碍者提供服务。《马拉喀什条约》将改善提供无障碍格式教育材料的情况，从而使印刷品阅读障碍者能够享受平等地受教育的机会。
There is no doubt that education plays a crucial role in society and that it has an immeasurable impact on an individual’s life. Access to educational materials in accessible formats is essential to enable persons with print disabilities to pursue educational opportunities. At the same time, educational institutions are only able to offer their services to individuals with print disabilities if they too have access to accessible format materials. The Marrakesh Treaty will improve the availability of accessible format educational materials so that persons with print disabilities can enjoy equal access to education.
3. 加强社会融合和文化参与
Enhance social integration and cultural participation
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拥有获得知识和信息共同来源的平等机会不仅对于学习，对于社会融合和文化参与也至关重要。通过改善获取教育和休闲材料的途径，《马拉喀什条约》将促进更大的包容性和印刷品阅读障碍者对其社区内文化社会生活的参与性。
Having equal access to common sources of knowledge and information is crucial not only for learning, but also for social inclusion and cultural participation. By improving access to both educational and leisure materials, the Marrakesh Treaty will facilitate greater inclusiveness and participation by persons with print disabilities in the cultural and social life of their communities.
4.削减贫困并提高对于国家经济的贡献
Alleviate poverty and increase contributions to the national economy
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个人的职业发展高度依赖于受教育程度。通过提供获取无障碍格式学习材料的途径，《马拉喀什条约》可以成为削减贫困的有力工具，为印刷品阅读障碍者提供职业成长的机会，使他们能够为当地的经济作出贡献，成为经济上自给自足的人。此外，通过加强对于无障碍格式作品的关注，提高国内版权法对于制作发行无障碍格式作品的制度确定性，《马拉喀什条约》将加强当地的出版产业，增加对于版权产业的投资，这些都是经济增长和发展的核心驱动力。
Individual professional development is highly dependent on educational attainment. By providing access to learning materials in accessible formats, the implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty can be a powerful tool for poverty alleviation, providing persons with print disabilities with opportunities for professional growth, allowing them to contribute to their local economies and become economically self-sufficient. In addition, by increasing the focus on accessible format works and improving the certainty about the system for their production and distribution under national copyright laws, the Marrakesh Treaty will strengthen local publishing industries and increase investment in copyright industries, which are key drivers for economic growth and development.
视频：国家版权局 | Video: NCAC
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