绘制一张朝鲜暴政地图 | 双语
Kevin Frayer/Getty Images
五月，朝鲜人在中国边境跨越鸭绿江。一个活动人士团体正在绘制一张地图，标记数百个被怀疑发生了法外处决或埋葬的地点，许多都靠近中朝边界。
SEOUL, South Korea — For two years, from a cramped office in central Seoul, activists and volunteers from five different countries have been doing something never tried before: creating interactive maps of places where North Korea is thought to have executed and buried prisoners.
韩国首尔——两年来，一个来自五个国家的活动人士和志愿者们一直在首尔中部一间狭小的办公室里，做着前人从未尝试过的事情：制作一份外界认为是朝鲜处决和埋葬囚犯地点的互动地图。
Over the years, defectors from the isolated country have testified to widespread human rights violations there, including what United Nations investigators have determined were extrajudicial executions of political prisoners and others. But there has never been a coordinated attempt to locate where those killings actually took place because the country remains off limits to outside rights investigators.
多年来，逃离这个孤立国家的脱北者们，已为该国普遍存在的侵犯人权行为提供了诸多证词，上述行为包括联合国调查人员查明的对政治犯和其他人的法外处决。但由于朝鲜不对国外的人权调查者开放，还从未有过试图确定这些处决实际发生地的一个共同努力。
On Wednesday, activists affiliated with the Transitional Justice Working Group, a human rights group based in Seoul, announced their initial findings, identifying more than 300 sites where executions are thought to have occurred and 47 sites believed to have hosted cremations and burials, places where as many as 15 people may have been executed and their bodies dumped together or left “like trash.”
周三，隶属于首尔人权团体“转型正义工作小组”的活动人士宣布了他们的初步调查结果，他们确定了300多个被认为是行刑场所的地点和47个被认为是进行火葬和掩埋的地点，其中有的地方倾倒了或“像垃圾一样”丢弃了可能多达15名被处决者的尸体。
“It is not unreasonable to assume that mass grave sites in existence today will still be there years from now,” said Sarah A. Son, the group’s research director. “As we have seen in many other post-conflict settings around the world, people will want to know what happened to family members, and an accurate historical record will need to be created as part of the process of recovery, particularly on a scale such as that in North Korea.”
“假设今天存在的集体坟墓多年后仍然存在不是没有道理的，”该团体的研究主任莎拉·A·孙说。“正如我们在世界各地许多其他发生冲突后的环境中所看到的，人们想知道，在他们的家人的身上发生了什么，作为恢复过程的一部分，需要建立一个准确的历史记录，特别是在像朝鲜这种规模的行径上。”
Armed with Google Earth satellite imagery, the group has interviewed 375 North Korean defectors, asking them to help locate sites so that international rights officials can one day visit them to investigate, exhume bodies, secure forensic evidence and possibly bring charges against perpetrators. With the maps, the group said it aimed to provide “a sense of the scale of the human rights violations, their locations, and their victims and their approximate numbers.”
该组织在Google Earth卫星图像的帮助下，对375名脱北者进行了访谈，请他们帮助确定位置，以便国际人权官员有朝一日能前往这些地点进行调查，把尸体挖出来，获得法庭证据，并可能对肇事者提出指控。该组织表示要用绘制地图的方式为“侵犯人权行为的规模、地点、受害者，以及受害者的大致人数提供一种感受”。
“We don’t know when there will be a trial or other steps to hold perpetrators of the human rights abuses accountable, but that time will come, and we want to be as ready as possible,” said Dan Bielefeld, a web developer and human rights activist from Milwaukee. “Our location-based map of suspected sites is a start down that road.”
“虽然我们不知道什么时候能把侵犯人权者送上法庭、或用其他方式追究他们的责任，但那个日子将会到来，我们要尽可能地做好准备，”来自密尔沃基的人权活动人士、网络开发者丹·比勒费尔德说。“我们用涉嫌场所地点制作地图是正义之道的开端。”
The activists said they were inspired by the United Nations’ commission of inquiry, which in 2014 reported prison camps, systematic torture, summary executions and other widespread rights violations in North Korea.
活动人士表示，他们受到联合国一个调查委员会的启发，该调查委员会曾在2014年发布了关于朝鲜的劳教营、系统性的酷刑、草率处决及其他广泛侵权行为的报告。
The report led United Nations member states to adopt a resolution asking the Security Council to refer the North Korean leadership to the International Criminal Court in The Hague, for prosecution of possible crimes against humanity.
报告促使联合国成员国通过了一项决议，要求安理会将朝鲜领导人提交海牙国际刑事法院，可能以反人类罪对其提起诉讼。
The North vehemently denied the findings, and its allies China and Russia have stalled any attempt to bring the North before the tribunal.
朝鲜强烈否认调查结果，朝鲜的盟友中国和俄罗斯一直阻碍着任何将朝鲜带上法庭的努力。
The activists’ group, whose mapping project was financed by the National Endowment for Democracy, based in Washington, did not include the interactive maps in its report for fear North Korea would tamper with the sites. But it allowed a reporter to examine them on the condition that the locations of the sites would not be revealed.
上述活动人士组织的地图项目由总部设在华盛顿的国家民主基金会资助，该组织在网上发布的报告中不包括那个互动地图，因为担心朝鲜会对地图上的地点进行有意破坏。但该组织允许记者仔细查看了地图，条件是不对地图上的具体地点作公开的报道。
More than 200 locations where killings are suspected, marked with blue squares, were clustered in Hamgyongbukdo, a northeastern province of North Korea. Most of the defectors interviewed hailed from that province. (A vast majority of 30,000 North Korean defectors living in South Korea come from the provinces bordering China.)
200多处被怀疑是行刑场所的地点用蓝色小方块标记出来，它们集中在朝鲜东北部省份黄海北道。受访的大多数脱北者来自该省。（居住在韩国的3万名脱北者中的绝大多数来自朝鲜与中国接壤的省份。）
Kim Hong-Ji/Reuters
超过200个被认为发生了杀戮的地点在朝鲜东北部的咸镜北道，许多对地图绘制项目做出贡献的脱北者曾在那里生活。
When Mr. Bielefeld zoomed in on one town, 53 blue squares appeared within 2.5 miles of a hillside site where burials are suspected. When he clicked on a square, a brief summary popped up: a public execution by firing squad on charges the victim stole parts of mining equipment. The victim was shot by three officers from the Ministry of People’s Security.
当比勒费尔德对一个地点进行放大时，在一个山坡6公里的范围内出现了53个蓝色小方块，它们都是被怀疑埋葬死者的地方。当他点击一个方块时，一段简短介绍在屏幕上出现：一名被指控偷盗采矿设备的受害者在那里被行刑队公开执行枪决。受害者是被人民保卫部的三名人员枪杀的。
Each square was linked to digital testimonials, including audio files, from defectors. Some testimonials gave detailed firsthand accounts with the name and profession of the victim, while others relied on secondhand information.
每个方块都有与脱北者证词数码文件的链接，包括音频文件。一些证词中给出了包括受害者姓名和职业在内的详细的第一手资料，有些则是他人转述的二手资料。
In one testimonial, a defector cited a neighbor who saw security officers hacking a victim to death in a garage. The neighbor later confirmed from a relative working as a security officer that such extrajudicial killings were common in the garage. Mr. Bielefeld put a blue square on the building on his program based on the open-source OpenStreetMap.
在一份证词中，一名脱北者引用邻居的话说，看到安全官员在一个车库里将一名受害者用刀砍死。该邻居后来从一名担任安全人员的亲戚那里证实，这种法外杀戮经常在那个车库里发生。比勒费尔德在他的基于OpenStreetMap开源地图的软件上把一个蓝色小方块标在了那个建筑物上。
The group said North Koreans were executed for such crimes as smuggling mushrooms to China, stealing copper from factories, distributing South Korean dramas, human trafficking and “a slip of the tongue,” usually a reference to criticism of the regime.
该团体说，被处死的朝鲜人所犯的罪行包括涉嫌向中国走私蘑菇、盗取工厂的铜、分销韩国电视剧、贩运人口，以及“口误”罪，通常指的是批评朝鲜政权。
Public executions took place most often between 1994 and 2000, during which North Korea struggled to control its people suffering in a nationwide famine, it said.
该团体说，公开处决在1994年至2000年期间最为频繁，朝鲜在那段时间曾努力控制遭受全国饥荒的人民。
“They hanged people in crowded places like markets and left the bodies there for hours to instill fear among the people,” said Oh Se-hyek, a North Korean defector who conducted the interviews for the mapping project.
“他们在市场这样的拥挤地方把人吊死，并把尸体挂在那里好几个小时，以恐吓人民，”脱北者吴世海（Oh Se-hyek，音）说，他负责为地图项目对其他脱北者做访谈。
Mr. Oh said the biggest challenge for him was to persuade other defectors to testify for the mapping project, even when he promised not to reveal their personal information. Even after resettling in South Korea, defectors feared that the North Korean authorities would trace their whereabouts and retaliate against their relatives back in the North.
吴世海说，他所面临最大的挑战是劝说其他脱北者为地图项目作证，尽管他答应不透露这些人的个人信息。即使在韩国重新安置之后，脱北者仍担心朝鲜当局会查到他们的下落，并对他们在朝鲜的亲人进行报复。
Some of the executions on the digital maps dated from the 1960s, but some were as recent as 2015. As many as 15 people were executed at the same time, usually by firing squad.
该数字地图上记录的一些处决发生在20世纪60年代，也有发生在近在2015年的处决。最多的时候，15人被同时处决，通常是被行刑队用枪打死的。
Lee Young-hwan, executive director of the Transitional Justice Working Group, recalled the shock he felt when he was a college student doing volunteer work with North Korean defectors in 1999. During a painting class, a 7-year-old boy from the North depicted a scene he saw in his old homeland: uniformed North Korean soldiers executing people by shooting.
转型正义工作小组执行主任李英焕（Lee Younghwan，音）回忆了1999年，他在自己的大学时代从事帮助脱北者的义务工作时感受到的一次震惊。在绘画班上，一名来自朝鲜的7岁男孩绘制了他在自己的老家看到的一个场景：穿制服的朝鲜士兵用枪对人执行死刑。
Encouraged by the 2014 United Nations report, Mr. Lee began putting together the international team to use satellite imagery and open-source mapping technology to record North Korean human rights violations, just as security analysts use such technology to monitor the North’s military and nuclear sites.
受联合国2014年报告的鼓舞，李英焕开始召集这个国际小组，用卫星图像和开源地图技术来记录朝鲜侵犯人权的行为，就像安全分析人员使用这种技术来监视朝鲜的军事和核设施那样。
“As we interview more defectors down the road, we expect to locate more killing and burial sites across the North,” Mr. Lee said. “Our work is still at an early stage. This is a collaborative work, and we expect more technical and other volunteers to join us.”
“随着我们对更多脱北者做访谈，预计我们会在朝鲜发现更多的行刑和埋葬地点，”李英焕说。“我们的工作还处于早期阶段。这是一个合作项目，我们期望更多的技术人员和其他志愿者加入到我们的行列中来。”
作者：CHOE SANG-HUN
翻译：Cindy Hao
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