译匠翻译基础笔记连载（1）
1.We are hard pressed on every side, but not crushed; perplexed, but not in despair; persecuted,but not abandoned; struck down, but not destroyed.
We are hard pressed on every side, but（ we are）not crushed；（we are）perplexed, but（we are）not in despair;（we are）persecuted, but（we are）not abandoned；（we are） struck down, but （we are） not destroyed.
难点
1.长句。由3个分号连接4个we are...，but not...构成并列的平行结构。
2.平行结构省略。we are...，but not...结构中省略了 we are。
译文
四面受敌，却不被碾压；内心迷茫，但从不绝塑；遭到压迫，却不被放弃；虽被击倒，但不至毁灭。
分析：四种颜色是并列的分句，括号内是省略的部分。
2. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market
Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.
难点
1.定语从句。that引导的定语从句修饰nothing。
2.介词结构倒装。ofthe free market 修饰 requirements
译文
因此，任何不符合A由市场需求的东西看上去都不是好的或正常的。
分析：that引导的定语从句修饰nothing，此处有否定转移现象可以理解为 something that does not accord with the requirements does not seem good or normal ，介词短语of the free market修饰requirements 。
3.Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources.
Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin 1{because they cannot obtain financial backing 2[from commercial resources]}.
难点
1.长句。because引导的原因状语从句。
2.介词结构倒装from commercial resources 修饰 financial backing
译文
个人企业主并不一定因为得不到商业机构的金融支持，才去依赖自己的亲戚。
分析:首先，英文前否后肯，翻译为中文要倒过来，前肯后否，其次because引导原因状语从句，以说明其依赖其亲属的原因，介词短语from commercial resources修饰前面的名词financial backing 。
参考：英语中有些句子虽然以否定形式出现，但表达的却是肯定的意义，翻译时要按其隐含的肯定意义译成汉语中的肯定句。这一类翻译方法与上面一类“形式肯定但意义否”结合起来，就是通常人们所说的“正话反说、反话正说”的翻译技巧。常见的带有隐含肯定意义的词组或单词主要有：not…until(直到…… 才)，not…too(越……越好)，none but(只有)，nothingbut(只有，只不过)，nothing more than(仅仅)，nosooner…than(刚一……就)，none other than(不是别的人或物而正是)，none the less(依然，仍然)，not butthat(虽然)“make nothing of ”(对……等闲视之)，fornothing(徒然，免费)，not only…but also(不仅……而且)，not…long before(很快就)，no more than(仅仅，只是)，no other than(只有，正是)等等。
You can’t be too careful in doing experiments.
你做实验要特别小心。
There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of forces.
各种材料在力的作用下，多少都会有些变形。
It is no more than a beginning.
这仅仅是个开端。
They gave me the wrong book, and I didn’t notice it until I got back to my room.
他们把书给错了。直到我回到我的房间才注意到了。
否定成分的转译
有些否定句型的翻译必须按照汉语表达习惯进行否定成分的转译，这样才能避免生搬硬套、文理不通的现象。
(一)否定主语转换为否定谓语
有些句子，英语原文否定主语，翻译成汉语时候需要把否定转移到谓语上。
No energy can be created, and none destroyed.
能量既不能创造，也不能毁灭。
No sound was heard.
没有听到声音。
Neither plan is practicable.
两个方案都行不通。
(二)否定谓语转换为否定状语
英语原文否定谓语，翻译成汉语时，需要把否定转移到状语上。
He doesn’t study in the classroom.
他不在教室里学习。
I was not playing all the time.
我并不是一直都在玩。
The woman did not come here to ask us for help.
这位妇女来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。
Metals do not change their form as easily as plastic bodies do.
金属不像塑料物体那样容易变形。
(三)主句的否定转换为从句的否定
英语原文否定主句，而翻译成汉语的时候，需要把否定转移到从句上。这样 结构常常是not…because….，可以翻译为“并不是因为…才…”。
She did not come because she wanted to see me.
她并非因为想见我才来。
You should not despise him because he is young.
你不应该因为他年轻就轻视他。
(四)否定主句的谓语转换为否定宾语从句的谓语
1.这类否定的转移常常出现在动词think, believe, except, suppose, imagine, reckon, fancy,anticipate, figure等后面的宾语从句中。翻译的时候，需要把否定转移到宾语从句的谓语动词前面。
I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.
我认为他们现在一定还没有到达那里。
I don’t suppose they will object to my suggestion.
我想他们不会反对我的建议的。
I didn’t imagine that he would go abroad.
我料想他不会出国了。
2.当有view, wish, belief, thought, opinion等名词作主句的表语从句时，可以把形式主语结构中的否定转移到后面从句中。
It is not my opinion that he is the best man for the job.
我认为他并不是做这项工作的最佳人选。
It is not my thought that he can finish the work within a week.
我认为他不可能在一周内完成这项工作。
It is not my wish that you should break your word.
我希望你不要违背诺言
4.Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.
Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.
难点
1.长句。for引导的原因状语从句。
2.介词结构倒装in the workplace 修饰 sex segregation
译文
不幸的是，解放奴隶并没有设想的那样影响深远，因为即使是工业中的雇佣劳动也没有摆脱工作场所中持 续存在的性別歧视。
分析：than expected influence ，这里省略了影响这个词。For引导原因状语从句说明影响没有那么深远的原因。介词短语 in the workplace修饰前面的性别歧视 sex segregation
5.However, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high.
However, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly 占主导地位地（副词）sinistral broods，the incidence 发生率 of dextrality is surprisingly high.
难点
1 介词结构倒装 of the opposing hand 修饰 snails
1.长句。and连接的平行结构
译文
但是，一些窝中会有些旋向相反的蜗牛；在左旋蜗牛占多数的窝中，出现右旋蜗牛的概率令人吃惊地高。
分析：黄色标记为介词短语修饰前面的蜗牛snail，绿色标记为介词短语构成的地点状语。红色标记为介词短语修饰前面的发生率。
6.These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.
These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.
难点
1.介词结构倒装of specifically feminist ideas and activities 修饰 development
2.介词结构倒装during the same period 修饰 ideas and activities：
译文
但是.这些历史学家对同一时期特定女权主义者的思想和活动的发展的分析不够充分。
分析：介词短语of specifically feminist ideas and activities 修饰 development，介词短语during the same period 修饰 ideas and activities：however插入。
7.The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs.
The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs.
难点
1.长句。that引导的表语从句。
2.介词结构倒装in the brain 修饰 mixed effects0
3.介词结构倒装with psychoactive drugs 修饰 occurrence,,
译文
问题是这种化合物在大脑中有着混合的效果，这对影响神经活动的药物来讲并不少见。
分析：表语从句就不说了，黄色为介词短语做状语，绿色标记补充说明effects,红色介词短语，此处的WITH取 “就..而言”的意思。
8.But the debate could not be resolved because no one was able to ask the crucial questions in a form in which they could be pursued productively.
But the debate could not be resolved because no one was able to ask the crucial questions in a form in which they could be pursued productively.
难点
1.长句，because引导的原因状语从句
2.介词结构倒装。ina form修饰ask
3.介词结构倒装in which they could be pursued productively 修饰 form
译文
但是，这个争论没法得到解决，因为没有任何人可以用一种能有效探究这些问题的方式提出这些重要的问题。
分析：黄色原因状语从句，绿色为 介词短语做状语修饰动词ask，蓝色可以改为 which they could be pursued productively in（the form）这是一个介词加关系副词引导的定语从句，修饰前面的form。
9.In addition, the ideal of six CEO’s (female or male) serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six boards.
In addition, the ideal of six CEO’s (female or male)serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six boards.
难点
1.介词结构倒装of six CEO’s (female or male) serving on the board 修饰 ideal:
2.介词结构倒装。ofeach of the largest corporations 修饰 board
3.长句。if引导的条件状语从句。
译文：
此外，只有当每位CEO都服务于这六个董事会吋，这六位（女性或男性）CEO服务于每家最大的公司董事会的理想才能实现。
分析：黄色为介词短语（小点：就CEO’S群内展开讨论，查出两个小点，其一，大写名词的复数通常在后面加’s表示，其二，缩写词的复数翻译为中文时应当去掉小s。所以，这是一个of +sb+doing构成的介词短语）做定语修饰ideal理想，灰色为介词短语修饰前面的serving，蓝色标记为介词短语做定语修饰董事会board，，红色为条件状语从句。
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