译匠翻译基础笔记连载（2）
lf a cell degrades both a rapidly and a slowly synthesized mRNA slowly , both mRNA will accumulate to high levels.
lf a cell degrades both a rapidly and a slowly synthesized mRNA slowly , both mRNA’s will accumulate to high levels.
难点
1.长句。if引导的条件状语从句。
2.长句both...and...构成的平行结构，
3.平行结构省略both...and...构成的平行结构中省略了synthesized mRNA。
4.介词结构倒装to high levels修饰accumulate
译文
如果细胞缓慢地分解成一个迅速合成的mRNA和一个缓慢合成的mRNA，那么这两种mRNA都会被积累到很高的水平（其实，这里指的是浓度）。
分析：if引导条件状语从句，绿色修饰绿色的动词，缓慢分解，分解成+both A and B，红色的两个副词修饰动词synthesized，蓝色为介词短语做状语修饰动词accumulate。
The consumption of protein increases blood concentration of the other amino acids much more, proportionately, than it does that of tryptophan.
The consumption of protein increases blood concentration of the other amino acids much more,
proportionately, than it （指代的是 consumption of protein蛋白质的消耗）does（助动词，其实是increase增加） that （指代的是浓度）of tryptophan.
难点
1.介词结构倒装ofprotein修饰consumption
2.介词结构倒装of the other amino acids 修饰 blood concentration
3.介词结构倒装oftryptophan修饰that
译文
蛋白质的消耗大大增加了其他氨基酸在血液中的浓度，从比例上，远远髙于蛋白质的消耗增加的色氨酸在 血液中的浓度的程度。
分析：黄色标记为介词短语做定语修订前面的名词consumption,绿色为介词短语做定语修饰浓度concentration，红色为插入语（从比例上看），蓝色接than 表示远大于...，灰色为介词短语做定语修饰前面的that。
More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth- century industry.
More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth- century industry.
难点
1.主语倒装句子的正常语序是the persistence...has been more remarkable than the origin
2.介词结构倒装of such sex segregation 修饰 persistence
3.介词结构倒装in twentieth-century industry 修饰 sex segregation
译文：在二十世纪的工业中，这种性別歧视的持续比其起源更引人注目
分析：黄色色标记为介词短语做定语修饰前面的名词persistence，绿色为介词短语做状语，未标颜色的为主句，该主句倒装，又遇难点，主句可以这样还原，the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry has been More remarkable than the origin 头重脚轻，所以采用避免头重脚轻的全部倒装形式。
补充学习：倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列，而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段，目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装，考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子能够认出来，避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫。
一、用全部倒装的情况
全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中，全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来，把谓语移到主语前面：
1）出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out, down, in ,up, away, on
如：Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.
Up went the plane
2）出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then
如：Now is your turn. There goes the bell.
Here is a ticket for you
There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work
注意：here，there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词，如果是人称代词则不需要倒装
“ where is the cup？” “Here it is！”
Here you are.
There he comes.
3）有时主语较长，为了使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。
如：Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.
In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.
二、采用部分倒装情况
部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分（主要是助动词或系动词）放到句子主语前，构成部分倒装，而全部倒装则把句子的谓语（包括实义动词）都放在主语前。
1、下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装：
never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less.
如：
Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.
Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state. （1985年考研题）
注：
1）如果谓语动词是单个实义动词，倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do.
如：Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly. （1983年考研题）
2）考生要广义理解“句首”的概念，注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。如：
Suddenly, Gallup's name was on everyone's lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.
2、以only修饰状语（副词，介词短语，状语从句）开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装：
only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because
如：
Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.
A）can you B）would you C）you will D）you can
3、以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装：
often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time
如：
So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
A） became the childrenB）become the children
C）had the children becomeD）do the children become
（2001年考研题，答案为D）
4、比较从句的倒装：
as, than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构（不倒装也可以）。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。
如：
Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.
Today's electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.
Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.
5、用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒装
1） 肯定重复倒装用：so
They have got up, and so has jack
2） 否定重复倒装用：nor, neither, no more.
If you don't agree to our plan, neither will they.
6、“not only……but also”结构时，如果not only 放在句首，则前半句but （also）句子后面不倒装。
Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.
三、特殊的倒装结构
特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而往往是出于强调的需要，把强调部分移到句首，而其它部分顺序不需要改变，句子主谓不需要倒装。出现这样的情况有以下几种可能：
1、让步从句的倒装。
1）as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。
如：Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.
Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight.
2）出现在句型be 主语 其他，come what may中。
如：
While it's true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.
The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
A） it being B） be it C） was it D） it was （答案为B）
3）no matter how（who…）;however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。
如：No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting
However cold it is , he always goes swimming.
That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory failure suggests that certain adaptations enable them to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those orientations.
（That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory failure 主语从句 ）suggests 谓语 （that certain adaptations enable them to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those orientations 宾语从句）.
难点
1.长句。that引导的主语从句。
2.介词结构倒装in similar spatial orientations 修饰 terrestrial snakes
3.长句。that引导的宾语从句。
4.介词结构倒装in those orientations 修饰 regulate
译文
许多位于相似空间位置的陆也蛇不会面临血液循环方面的问题，这表明某些适应性能使它们在这些空间位 置上更有效地凋节自己的血压。
分析：第一个括号内部分是主语从句，在整句中充当主语成分，第二个括号是宾语从句，在整句中充当宾语成分，黄色部分是介词短语做定语修饰前面的snakes ，绿色部分为介词短语做状语，红色部分是副词修饰副词的结构，最终修饰动词regulate。
Nevertheless，researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
难点
介词结构倒装of the Pleistocene epoch 修饰 researchers
介词结构倒装of how they would have...in charge of events 修饰 model schemes 虚拟语气倒装完整形式为if they had been in charge of events,省略了 if。
译文
但是，更新世的研究者已经建立了各种各样的或多或少有些奇思妙想的模型。通过这些模型，我们可以知 道如果由研究者来决定地质事件的话，他们会如何排布冰河世纪。
分析：黄色部分为介词短语修饰之前的researchers，蓝色和红色部分均为model schemes的修饰成分，绿色为介词接how引导的宾语从句构成的介词（介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词/代词/或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语，定语或介词宾语），灰色部分为虚拟语气倒装，完整句子为if they had been in charge of events。if虚拟条件句中如含有should，had，were.都能省略if,然后这几个词提到句首，部分倒装。
Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed.
Despite these vague categories, one should not claim 声称/断言/认为unequivocally明确地/清晰地 that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately合理地/正当地 observed
难点
1.长句。despite引导的让步状语。
2.长句。that引导的宾语从句。
3.介词结构倒装between recognizable classes 修饰 hostility。
译文
尽管分类模糊，但是一个人仍然可以清晰地认为在不同阶级之间的敌意能够被合理观察到。
分析：蓝色部分为介词短语做让步状语，红色部分为主句，绿色为副词修饰主句的谓语动词claim ，黄色部分为介词短语（介词加名词构成）做后置定语修饰前面的名词hostility，灰色部分为主句的宾语从句，由that引导，该宾语从句为被动语态，that hostility cannot be observed。
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