Land Lines：基于土地的气候韧性策略

本文原标题： 展望气候韧性（Envisioning Climate Resilience）

编译来源：Yu, K., Shi, L., Mallach, A., Kartha, S., Butler, T., Maldonado, M. L., ... Bronen, R. (2021). Envisioning Climate Resilience.  Land Lines, 33(1&2), 88-93.

作者和采访者：林肯研究所（The Lincoln Institute）

展望气候韧性

Envisioning Climate Resilience

林肯研究所的网络专家们对具有发展前景的土地和水利政策解决方案进行了评估。

Experts from the Lincoln Institute Network Weigh in on Promising Land and Water Policy Solutions.

土地和水利政策可以改变建成环境和自然环境以缓解气候变化的程度，并帮助社区和自然系统来抵御气候变化带来的影响。林肯研究所正在推进实践规划来应对这些挑战，并希望将气候正义作为这项工作的关键要素。我们通过全球网络向人们提出了这个问题:

Land and water policy can shape the built and natural environment to reduce the extent of climate change and help communities and natural systems withstand the impacts of a changing climate. The Lincoln Institute is advancing good planning practices to address these challenges and aspires to foster climate justice as a key element of this work. We reached out to people across our global network to ask them this question:

如果你能在2021 年实施一项对气候变化有重大影响的基于土地的解决方案，你会选择什么方案?

If you could implement one land-based solution during 2021 that would have a meaningful impact on climate change, what would it be?

                    01                       

Kongjian Yu

俞孔坚

土人设计创始人和首席设计师；《自然与城市》撰稿人

（图片来源：俞孔坚）

应对气候变化最有效最全面的解决方案是“海绵国土”。“海绵城市”是指使用绿色基础设施来吸纳雨水并应对城市地区的径流污染，海绵国土的概念对其进行了延伸，这种基于土地的解决方案可以在源头就地分散消纳滞蓄，在水流过程中减速消能，并在其末端（河流、湖泊和海洋）弹性适应。

而全球各地，特别是季风气候区的发展中国家，广泛使用的恰恰是相反的工程技术，如在河流中筑坝修建大型水库集中蓄水，使用混凝土修筑防洪堤渠化河道加速水流，在城市中建造混凝土防洪堤和管道和水泵以对抗洪水。灰色基础设施消耗了大量的水泥，产生了大量的碳排放，这将会使生物多样性最为丰富且最具生产力的滨水和湿地生态系统陷入一种“窒息”状态，并导致土地韧性进一步下降。

The most effective and holistic solution to climate change is “sponge lands.” Expanding on the concept of “sponge cities,” which uses green infrastructure to absorb stormwater and combat pollution in urban areas, this land-based solution can retain rainwater at the source, slow the water in the course of its flow, and be used adaptively at its outlets (rivers, lakes, and oceans). 

This is completely opposite to the conventional engineering solutions widely used across the globe, particularly in developing countries in the monsoon climate: damming rivers to create big reservoirs, channelizing water using concrete flood walls, building concrete drainage in the city, and pumping water out. Gray infrastructure consumes huge amounts of cement, creating a significant amount of carbon emissions, suffocating the most productive ecosystems with the highest biodiversity, and making land less resilient.

海绵国土意味着在饱受土壤侵蚀之患的广大山地丘陵地带创造用以涵养源头降水的孔隙（小型陂塘和水塘）；意味着在径流污染的河流和湖泊附近的农田上创造坑塘形式的 “海绵田园”；在城市则创造“”海绵城市”。

海绵国土意味着在城市的水利工程和路面铺装要节制使用水泥，也意味着要拆除一些河道上大量的混凝土防洪堤和大坝，以恢复动植物栖息地、补充地下水、培育茂盛的植被，并创造其他收益。海绵国土是一种低价而高效的抵御气候变化、增强土地韧性的途径。

Sponge lands means the creation of porosity in vast, hilly landscapes that are suffering from erosion; the creation of “sponge fields” in the form of small ponds in farmland where runoff pollutes nearby rivers and lakes; and the creation of sponge cities. 

Sponge lands means the prudent use of cement in hydrological engineering and pavement in urban areas. It also means the removal of concrete flood walls and dams along waterways to restore habitat, replenish groundwater, nurture lush vegetation, and create other benefits. Sponge lands are an efficient, inexpensive solution that will empower the resiliency of the land against climate change.

海口美舍河凤翔公园(图片来源：土人设计)

三亚红树林生态公园(图片来源：土人设计)

                    02                       

Linda Shi

琳达·史

康奈尔大学，城市与区域规划系助理教授；2015-2016 C. Lowell Harriss 学术专题研究员

(图片来源：康奈尔大学)

美国需要一项包含土地利用和发展战略在内的国家气候适应计划。在二氧化碳去除和可再生能源（如生物燃料和太阳能电池板）方面的投入将对农村土地利用产生重大影响。碳减排的失败意味着气候变化产生的影响将不断升级，将会出现更多因气候问题引发的移民现象，以及出现气候“绿洲”和气候“荒漠”等不平等的新景观。随着城乡政治冲突的不断增长，空间和社会经济不均衡问题也日渐凸显出来，这根源于城市化进程中城市资源的过度开采与乡村资源充足间的矛盾，而气候危机可能会加剧这种矛盾。在规模上、在定位区域可持续性的、适当的增长上、以及气候变化的公正性方面，市场反应都是不够的。

我们还需要采取更多的行动来应对气候危机。因此，我们需要制定新的国家土地政策架构。这包括：（1）以科学和公平为基础确定未来增长和投资应该流向的地区；（2）加大财政支持和投资力度并建立相应的利好政策，以使地方政府能够应对气候变化，而非以无资金支持及惩罚等方式加重地方政府在应对气候变化方面的负担；（3）对银行业和其他组织规则进行法律改革，以丰富合作所有权模式，帮助建立社区对住房和土地的控制权，从而保留和创造当地财富。

The United States needs a national climate adaptation plan that includes a land use and development strategy. Efforts related to carbon dioxide removal and renewable energy, such as biofuels and solar arrays, will significantly impact rural land use. Failure to decarbonize means escalating climate impacts, climate-induced migration, and new landscapes of injustices in the form of climate oases and climate slums. Growing urban–rural political conflict already reflects spatial and socioeconomic inequality, rooted in rural resource and human extraction for processes of urbanization, dynamics that the climate crisis can exacerbate. Market responses will not be sufficient in scale, target geographies that can sustainably accommodate growth, or enable a just climate transition.

The magnitude of needed actions to tackle the climate crisis therefore requires a new national architecture of land policy. This includes (1) science- and equity-informed identification of geographies where future growth and investment should go; (2) fiscal, investment, and grant policies that enable local governments to respond to climate impacts rather than burden them with unfunded mandates or punitive measures; and (3) legal reforms to banking and organizational regulations that would expand cooperative ownership models that help build community control of housing and land for local wealth retention and creation.

                    03                       

Alan Mallach

艾伦·马拉奇

社区进步中心，高级研究员；《复兴美国的传统城市》，作者

(图片来源：Next City)

美国郊区的区域划分，致使郊区景观由大块土地上的大型独户家庭住宅和为工业及办公用地而划定的大片空地（通常大部分是空地）所组成，形成了一种依靠汽车代步、人口和就业中心极为分散的城市模式，这反过来又导致了汽车出行产生的碳排放和照明、取暖、制冷等能源消耗的增长。它使得住房更为紧张，加剧了住房负担问题，并导致数以百万计的低收入工人每天需从城市中心长时间通勤到郊区工作。

解决方案其实也很简单，且不需要撤消当前单户分区的模式。州分区法规应在健康和安全方面可行的前提下，允许在单户住宅区中进行附属公寓和建筑物的划分，允许在商业走廊和工业或办公区中建造多户住宅，并重新规划被忽视的空置地块来建设作多户住宅，这种空置地块几乎每个美国郊区都有数十个。走廊和混合用地组团中较高的住宅密度将反过来极大地增加具有高性价比的城市交通方案的机会。在本已十分发达的郊区，住房选择的增加和多样化将使住房需求得到满足，并减轻地铁未来进一步向外扩张的压力，使郊区自身在面对人口变化、住房需求变化和未来气候冲击时更具可持续性。

The zoning of America’s suburbs, resulting in a suburban landscape dominated by large single family houses on large lots and by vast areas—often largely vacant—zoned for industrial and office use, has fostered an auto-dependent pattern of widely dispersed population and employment centers which in turn has led to increased emissions from vehicular travel, as well as from energy use for lighting, heating, and cooling. It has also curtailed housing production, exacerbated housing affordability problems, and led to millions of lower-income workers making long daily treks from urban centers to suburban jobs.

Solutions are straightforward, and do not require undoing single-family zoning. State zoning statutes should require municipalities to allow accessory apartments and structures in single-family zones wherever feasible from a health and safety standpoint, permit multifamily housing along commercial corridors and in industrial or office zones, and rezone bypassed vacant parcels, of which dozens exist in nearly every American suburb, for multifamily housing. Higher residential densities along corridors and in mixed-use clusters will, in turn, vastly increase the opportunities for cost-effective, efficient transit solutions. Increased and diversified housing options in already largely developed suburbs will address unmet housing needs and reduce the pressure for further outward expansion of metros, making the suburbs themselves more sustainable in the face of demographic shifts, changing housing demands, and future climate shocks.

同质化与扩张 美国的郊区景观（图片来源：AP Photo John Locher）

                    04                       

Sivan Kartha

西万·卡莎

社区进步中心，高级研究员；《复兴美国的传统城市》斯德哥尔摩环境研究所，高级科学家；林肯研究所气候项目，顾问，作者

（图片来源：西万·卡沙）

一项针对64 个国家的调查认为原住民和森林聚落集体拥有的森林可以吸收大约一万亿吨二氧化碳，相当于全球超过三十年的化石燃料使用所产生的排放量。这些土地也是世界上生物多样性最丰富的地区之一，也是重要的淡水资源的发源地。然而，生活在这些森林中的人往往缺乏被官方承认的土地权。森林资源丰富的国家一般都有殖民历史，土地和资源以牺牲当地社区的代价被殖民者掳获。最初为征税和采掘而建立的百年产权和土地保有权制度仍然存在，这导致了森林资源的持续退化。

越来越多的研究表明，当（原住民的）土地权得到正式承认和法律保障时，原住民和当地社区就可以通过非正式的行动及集体活动来防止砍伐森林，保护生物多样性和生态功能，例如土壤富集度和流域健康等。另一方面，强加传统私人产权制度可能造成新问题，引发土地投机现象并与地方文化习俗产生冲突。为原住民和农村社区确立有保障的土地所有权有助于保护世界日益减少的森林资源，同时保护当地数亿居民赖以生存的生计。

A survey across 64 countries estimated that forests held collectively by indigenous peoples and forest communities contain approximately one trillion tons worth of carbon dioxide, equal to more than three decades’ worth of global emissions from fossil fuel use. These lands are also among the world’s richest in biodiversity and home to vital freshwater resources. However, those living in these forests often lack formally recognized land rights. Forest-rich countries generally have colonial legacies, in which land and resources were seized at the expense of local communities. Centuries-old property rights and land tenure regimes originally set up for taxation and extraction persist, contributing to the continued degradation of forest resources. 

A growing body of research shows that when land rights are formally recognized and legally safeguarded, indigenous peoples and local communities can protect common resources through informal practices and collective action that prevent deforestation, preserve biodiversity, and protect ecosystem services such as soil enrichment and watershed health. Imposing conventional private property regimes, on the other hand, can cause new problems, triggering land speculation and clashing with local cultural norms. Establishing secure land tenure rights for indigenous peoples and rural communities can help preserve the world’s declining forest resources, while safeguarding the livelihoods on which their hundreds of millions of residents depend. 

肯尼亚马塞族聚落（图片来源：Joan de la Malla）

                    05                       

Tamika Butler

塔米卡·巴特勒

TLB 咨询公司，建筑环境与资产顾问；大城市规划研究所，特邀发言人

（图片来源：塔米卡·巴特勒）

我希望在2021 年，人们进一步提高对种族主义、白人至上等观念的关注，加强对相关问题的沟通，加大对类似事件的资源投入。反黑人主义并不会随着人们在持续推进生活“回归常态”的过程中而消失，仅仅比现在好是远远不够的。作为黑人，我通过查看统计数据了解到旧常态意味着我的生命是无关紧要的。

在新常态下，作为黑人，通过查看有关新冠肺炎，仇恨犯罪或环境种族主义等统计数据，我了解到自己的生命仍然是无关紧要的。除了不够好之外，“回归常态”并不会对气候变化产生有意义的影响。当涉及到土地解决方案时，我希望当权者能够重新审视他们要听取的意见以及资金分配问题。

My hope for 2021 is that the increased attention, conversation, and resource allocation directed toward fighting racism, white supremacy, and anti-Blackness will not disappear with the flip of a calendar page as people push toward “getting back to normal.” Just being better than it is now shouldn’t be enough. As a Black person, I could look at the statistics and know that the old normal meant my life was expendable. 

As a Black person, I also know that in this new normal, I can look at any statistic about COVID-19, hate crimes, or environmental racism and see that my life is still expendable. Beyond not being good enough, “getting back to normal” will not meaningfully impact climate change. Instead, I hope that those in power examine who they are listening to and funding when it comes to land-based solutions.

用基于土地的解决方案对抗气候变化时，我们应确保去倾听黑人、本土人和其他种族主义化人群以及历史上长期受压迫群体的成员的想法、解决方案及诉求，他们长期以来一直是气候变化、可持续发展和人道保护者的领头人。所有气候变化解决方案都应该以这样一种理念为核心，即到2021 年我们必须停止对黑人、原住民和其他有色人种的杀戮。

The ideas, solutions, and pursuits of fighting climate change with land-based solutions should focus on ensuring that we listen to Black people, Indigenous people, and other racialized people and members of historically oppressed groups who have long been leaders in climate change, sustainability, and serving as protectors of humanity. All climate change solutions should center the idea that in 2021 we must stop the killing of Black people, Indigenous people, and other people of color.

                    06                       

Melinda Lis Maldonado

梅琳达·利斯·马尔多纳多

阿根廷马坦萨-里亚霍埃洛河流域管理局，律师；林肯学院/拉丁美洲和加勒比地区，讲师

（图片来源：梅琳达·利斯·马尔多纳多）

征收包含环保因素在内的发展费用将对气候变化产生有意义的影响。那些考虑到水源及绿化方面的建筑物或都市化许可将获取基础或额外的建设权。例如，作为增加密度的补偿，为城市增加绿色空间可能需要额外的费用。

这些城市规划工具可以为适应和缓解气候变化提供资金，因为它们可以在当地筹集资源来为自然保护提供资金或在私人及公共空间提供蓝绿基础设施。基于自然的解决方案将被优先考虑。与仅使用灰色基础设施的解决方案相比，大自然可以提供更具持续性的长期解决方案，并为人类和城市带来更多利益。同时，这种解决方案可以起到缓解和适应气候变化的作用。

The implementation of development charges with environmental components would have a meaningful impact on climate change. These are building or urban permits that consider water and vegetation aspects as requirements to exercise basic or additional building rights. To illustrate the last case, in exchange for increasing density, adding land for green urban spaces could be an additional charge. 

These urban planning tools could finance climate change adaptation and mitigation, because they could generate, at the local level, resources to finance conservation or the implementation of green and blue infrastructure in private or public spaces. Nature-based solutions would be prioritized. Nature can provide more affordable long term solutions and more benefits to humans and cities than solutions that only use gray infrastructure. At the same time, such solutions can function as mitigation and adaptation measures.

这些要求通常可以在建筑物所在的地点以可持续排水、植树或建设绿地等形式满足。在某些特殊情况下可能涉及到为另一处地点提供建造绿色基础设施所需的资金。根据当地的气候变化影响和城市发展项目的规模不同，可以采取不同的措施将环境条件附加到建筑权上，城市规划、法律和私有财产监管在应对气候变化中都可以发挥重要作用。

These requirements would typically be fulfilled in the same place where the building occurs, in the form of sustainable drainage, reforestation, or green space. In some exceptions, they would involve financing green infrastructure in another place. Attaching environmental conditions to building rights would take different forms according to local climate change effects and the magnitude of the urban development project. Urban planning, law, and private property regulation have an important role to play in facing climate change. 

（图片来源：网络）

                    07                       

Frederick Steiner

弗雷德里克·斯坦纳

宾夕法尼亚大学斯图尔特·魏茨曼设计学院，院长；《设计结合自然，就在当下》，合作编辑

（图片来源：宾夕法尼亚大学）

在制定有效政策的过程的同时，我们需要改变对气候变化的观念，并调整我们的生活。每个阅读此文章的人都可以列出365 项造成气候变化的个人活动，并承诺每天采取一项减轻或适应气候变化的行动来代替这些活动。通过在社交媒体上分享承诺，他们可以鼓励家人，朋友和追随者也这样做。

我们为此做出的每一个行动都与土地、水和能源息息相关。例如：

植树代替使用打印机

建花园代替建露台

散步代替开车

打电话或发电子邮件给代表代替抱怨政客

访问当地书店代替网购书籍

种植西红柿代替购买进口食品

学习熨烫代替干洗

食用昆虫蛋白来代替烤牛肉

线上会议代替异地见面开会

打开窗户代替空调

种植本土植物代替割草

观鸟代替升级网速

如此循环365 天。

While we work on enacting effective policy, we need to change our hearts and minds about climate change and adjust how we live accordingly. Everyone reading this would make a list of 365 personal activities that contribute to climate change and make a commitment to replace them, one each day, with an action to mitigate or adapt to climate change. By sharing their pledge on social media, they could encourage their family, friends, and followers to do the same. Each of these actions ties back to land, water, and energy. For example:

using a copier planting a tree

building a patio digging a garden

driving a car taking a walk

complaining about politicians

calling and emailing representatives

ordering a book online visiting a local bookstore

buying imported produce growing a tomato

dropping off dry cleaning learning to iron

grilling beef eating a cricket

flying to a conference organizing a Zoom

turning on the air conditioner opening a window

cutting the grass planting native flowers

upgrading your cable watching birds

and so on for another 353 days.

《设计结合自然，就在当下》（图片来源：The McHarg Center）

                    08                       

Astrid R.N.Haas

阿斯特丽德·哈斯

国际增长中心，政策总监

（图片来源：IGC）

从政府的角度来看，在我的家乡乌干达地区实施以土地为基础的气候解决方案是十分具有挑战性的。在某种程度上，这是因为我们的宪法以及所有后来有关土地的立法文书都明确表明土地归属于人民。此外，乌干达拥有多种同时存在的权属制度，但界定每个权属制度或证明其所有权的行政能力有限。这种情况意味着政府实施基于土地的解决方案以释放公共价值的能力非常有限。

因此，在这种背景下，我认为2021 年土地调整是最为实用和最可行的基于土地的解决方案。特别是在城市地区，该工具（土地所有者集中资产完成再开发项目的模式）具有巨大的潜力。例如，在地方一级开展工作，这将有可能获得土地使用权和所有权，并吸引社区买入土地，以便实现飞速发展。越来越多的证据表明，人口越稠密的城市越环保。因此，该解决方案不仅会极大地影响乌干达地区的管理效率，特别是在公共服务方面，还将对气候变化产生有意义的影响。

From a governmental perspective, implementing land-based solutions in my own country, Uganda, is inherently challenging. In part this is because our Constitution, and all subsequent legislative instruments pertaining to land, unequivocally vest land in the people. In addition, Uganda has multiple coexisting tenure systems, yet limited administrative capacity to delineate each of them or document ownership. This situation means the government’s ability to implement land-based solutions, which unlock public value, is extremely limited.

It is within this context that in 2021 I would therefore pursue land readjustment as an entirely practical approach and the most viable land-based solution. Particularly within urban areas, this tool [a model in which landowners pool their properties to accomplish a redevelopment project] has enormous potential. For example, working at a local level, it would be possible to determine land tenure and ownership and elicit community buy-in to pool parcels for more densified development. There is growing evidence that denser cities are greener and more climate efficient. Therefore, this solution would not only have a significant impact on the efficiency of how Ugandan cities could be managed, particularly with regards to public service provision, it would have a meaningful impact on climate change as well. 

                    09                       

Larry Clark

拉里·克拉克

国际评估官员协会战略计划，主任

（图片来源：IAAO）

我是一名评估师，有着40 年的工作经验，曾在三个地方司法管辖区任职，在美国乃至世界多地开展过写作、讲课及教学质量评估工作。通过与来自世界许多地方人们的交流使我对气候变化问题产生了诸多感触。气候变化的现实问题之一是加剧了水资源在美国50 个州之间的分配不均衡问题。气候变化会导致某地干旱，并使温暖的大气将温润的雨水及洪水带到另一个地区。

因此，我的愿望是建立一个全国性的水库和分配系统网络，以便在全国范围内收集和重新分配降水。这需要采取一种类似于艾森豪威尔总统时期开始的联邦高速公路系统的措施，并且应该由一个将人道主义需求置于农业和商业之上的监管机构来管理。收集系统应该设置在当前和预期未来洪水泛滥的地区，以及自然径流处，以便水库将水资源分配到有需求的市政供水系统中。

I am an appraiser with 40 years of experience working in three local jurisdictions, writing articles, lecturing, and teaching mass appraisal in many parts of the United States and the world. My association with people from many parts of the world has given me an appreciation for the issues surrounding climate change. One of the realities of climate change is that water resources are poorly distributed among our 50 states. Climate change exacerbates that situation by causing droughts in one part of the country while the warmer atmosphere brings soaking rains and floods to another. 

Therefore, my wish would be for the development of a nationwide network of reservoirs and distribution systems to collect and redistribute precipitation nationally. It would require an effort similar in scope to the federal highway system begun under President Eisenhower, and should be governed by a regulatory body that prioritizes humanitarian needs above those of agriculture and commerce. Collection systems should be sited in areas of current and anticipated future flooding, as well as natural runoff, to feed into reservoirs for later distribution into municipal water systems where it is needed. 

美国农业用水需求和潜在蓄水区（图片来源：Kyle Frankel Davis）

                    10                       

Forster Ndubisi

福斯特·恩杜比西

德州农工大学，景观建筑与城市规划教授；《城市设计与规划中的生态学》，作者

（图片来源：德克萨斯农工大学）

气候解决方案要求我们从根本上重新思考我们与土地的伦理关系。

Climate solutions require us to fundamentally rethink our ethical relations to the land.

我建议我们启动对土地道德义务的批判性反思过程，并在2021 年采用基于地方的以生态为中心的道德规范（PBEE）作为一种气候解决方案。采用PBEE 终身沉浸式教育，规定了设计者和规划者在应对气候挑战时应遵守的道德行为和道德义务。PBEE 基于人与生物物理[自然]过程之间的相互依存关系，在这种相互依存关系中二者依赖对方以持续存在。人与自然过程的相互作用必定会在一定程度上导致自然资源和过程[自然资本]的退化，包括提供重要生态系统服务的景观。

由此可见，PBEE 在可行的情况下赋予了保存自然资本的道德要求；在证明合理使用程度的同时保护自然资本；通过积极恢复退化的生态系统来补充自然资本；最小化人类足迹的范围；减少碳的使用；并积极倡导环境管理。为了有效应对气候变化，PBEE 运用生态知识作为了解人类与自然生态系统之间相互依存关系的过程。反过来，在获得气候缓解和适应解决方案的时候，通过结合系统设计思维过程和参与式协作使用生态知识才能达到最佳效果。

I propose that we initiate the process of critical reflection on our ethical obligations to the land and adopt a place-based ecocentric ethic (PBEE) as one climate solution in 2021. The adoption of PBEE via lifelong immersive education stipulates the ethical behavior and moral obligations that designers and planners should adhere to in addressing climate challenges. PBEE is based on the interdependency between people and biophysical [nature] processes, in which each depends on the other for continued existence. Human interactions with natural processes will necessarily result in the degradation of natural resources and processes [natural capital] to a certain degree, including landscapes that provide vital ecosystem services.

By implication, PBEE confers the moral imperative for preserving natural capital when feasible; conserving natural capital when a justifiable degree of use is demonstrated; replenishing natural capital through active restoration of degraded ecosystems; minimizing the extent of human footprint; reducing carbon usage; and actively embracing environmental stewardship. To combat climate change effectively, PBEE employs ecological knowing as a process for understanding the interdependency between human and natural ecosystems. In turn, ecological knowing works best by using a coupled system-design thinking process and participatory collaboration in creating climate mitigation and adaptation solutions. 

                    11                       

Robin Bronen

罗宾·布罗宁

阿拉斯加司法研究所，执行主任；气候变化协会，指导委员会

（图片来源：罗宾·布罗宁）

将被盗的土地归还给原住民，并消除将我们赖以生存的生态系统分隔开的边界与隔阂。几千年来，原住民一直保护着地球的生物多样性。本土人民的活动区域占据地球土地的四分之一，与百分之四十的自然保护区和未受破坏的领土重合。世界银行的研究表明，这些地区拥有地球上百分之八十的生物多样性。在美国，定居者殖民主义建立了法律和体制结构，将本土居民强行从其传统土地上移走并重新安置，并将本土人民的土地作为财产和资源进行了重塑。将土地归还原住民有助于改正这种不公正现象，他们才是这些土地的原始管理者而非现在的美国。移除这种人为分割土地边界的社会结构，抹去这些无形的边界将确保人类赖以生存的生态系统和生物多样性可以在气候危机改变当前生活的情况下蓬勃发展。

Return stolen lands to Indigenous Peoples and erase the borders and boundaries that divide and separate the ecosystems upon which we depend. Indigenous Peoples have conserved the biodiversity of this planet for millennia. The one-fourth of the Earth’s land occupied by Indigenous Peoples coincides with 40 percent of the natural areas protected and territories that remain undamaged. According to studies undertaken by the World Bank, these territories hold 80 percent of the planet’s biodiversity. In the United States, settler colonialism created the legal and institutional structures that forcibly removed and relocated Indigenous populations from their traditional lands and recast Indigenous Peoples’ land as property and as a resource. Repatriating land to Indigenous Peoples, as the original stewards of these lands now known as the United States, helps to rectify this injustice. Removing the social construction of boundaries and borders that artificially divides land and erasing these invisible lines ensures that the ecosystems and biodiversity upon which humanity depends can thrive as the climate crisis transforms the web of life.

参考链接：

https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/articles/2021-01-envisioning-climate-resilience-experts-from-lincoln-institute-network-weigh-in-on-promising-land-and-water-policy-solutions

翻译：明卉

校对：韩旭

制作：王慧娴

统筹：贾会敏，佘依爽

END

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