【重磅|翻译】美国国家经济委员会金融科技监管白皮书（上部）
译者：麻双豹，华东政法大学外语学院法律翻译硕士研究生
编辑：张浩伦，上海交通大学凯原法学院法学硕士研究生
导语：2017年1月13日，距离奥巴马卸任还有7天之际，美国国家经济委员会发布了一份名为“Framework for Fintech” 的白皮书，概述奥巴马政府有关金融科技创新的原则和政策框架，为监管机构如何评估新兴的金融科技生态系统提供了包括“更广泛地审议金融生态系统”等在内的10项原则。以下为白皮书第一部分原文和翻译。
美国国家经济委员会
之
金融科技监管白皮书
（原文&翻译）
目录
I. Introduction
I. 简介
II. Background
II. 背景
III. Policy Objectives for Financial Services
III. 金融服务行业的政策目标
Foster Positive Financial Services Innovation and Entrepreneurship
积极推动金融服务创新、创业
Promote Safe, Affordable, and Fair Access to Capital
增加安全、实惠和公平的资金获取渠道
Strengthen Financial Inclusion & Health in the United States and Abroad
增强国内外的普惠金融和财务稳健
Address Financial Stability Risks
应对金融波动风险
Further a 21st Century Financial Regulatory Framework
推动21世纪金融监管框架建设
Maintain National Competitiveness
维系国家竞争力
IV. Statement of Principles
十大原则声明
1. Think Broadly About the Financial Ecosystem
1. 更广泛地审议金融生态系统
2. Start with the Consumer in Mind
2. 注重消费者利益保护
3. Promote Safe Financial Inclusion and Financial Health
3. 促进安全的普惠金融和财务健康
4. Recognize and Overcome Potential Technological Bias
4. 鉴别并规避技术上可能存在的偏差
5. Maximize Transparency
5. 最大限度地提高透明度
6. Strive for Interoperability and Harmonize Technical Standards
6. 努力实现互操作性和统一技术标准
7. Build in Cybersecurity, Data Security, and Privacy Protections from the Start
7. 网络安全、数据安全和隐私保护贯穿始终
8. Increase Efficiency and Effectiveness in Financial Infrastructure
8. 提高金融基础设施的运行效率
9. Protect Financial Stability
9. 确保金融稳定性
10.Continue and Strengthen Cross-Sector Engagement
10. 继续加强部门间合作
V. Conclusion
v. 结论
I.Introduction
I.简介
Innovations in financial technology (fintech) have the potential to fundamentally change the financial services industry and the wider economy. While still early in its evolution, fintech can, for example, promote financial inclusion, expand access to capital for individuals and small businesses, and more broadly reshape how society interacts with financial services. As fintech continues to evolve, stakeholders in this ecosystem – including government and the private sector – must actively participate in its development to ensure growth that maximizes value for the consumer and for the system in a safe and sustainable manner.
（译文，下略）：金融科技（fintech）领域的创新有潜力从根本上改变金融服务业和甚至整个经济领域。例如，虽然金融科技发展仍处于早期，但金融科技可以推动普惠金融的发展，拓宽个体和小企业融资渠道，以及更广泛意义上地重塑社会与金融服务的交互方式。 随着金融科技的不断发展，这一生态系统内的利益相关者（包括政府及私营部门在内）需要积极参与其中，共同致力于金融科技的发展能够以安全和可持续的方式，实现消费者和整个生态系统价值的最大化。
Over the past eight years, this Administration has significantly increased opportunities for entrepreneurs and made the United States one of the most innovation-friendly countries in the world. Examples of this work include establishing the Open Data Initiative, which unlocked over 200,000 government datasets as raw material for entrepreneurial innovation, the America Invent Act, which makes the U.S. patent system more efficient and responsive to innovators, and the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act of 2012, which helps small businesses and emerging companies raise capital.
在过去八年中，本委员会（译者注：美国国家经济委员会）为企业家开创了众多机会，让美国成为世界上最具创新性的国家之一。 其中包括，建立数据共享计划，开放超过20万项政府数据集作为企业创新的原材料；制定《美国发明法案》，促使美国专利制度更加高效，更加积极地响应创新者；以及设立2012美国创业企业扶助法案（JOBS ），帮助小企业和新兴公司筹集资金。
Consistent with this broader body of work, this Administration has demonstrated a forward-leaning approach to fintech. Executive agencies across the government – including the Department of Commerce (Commerce), the Small Business Administration (SBA), the Department of State (State), the Department of the Treasury (Treasury), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and others – have engaged with stakeholders across the industry through events, Requests for Information (RFIs), whitepapers, technical assistance and research, and informal outreach and conversations, to better understand the industry and determine the appropriate role for government in fintech development.
为了实现这一宏伟目标，本届政府已展示了对金融科技的前瞻性方法。政府部门间的执行机构包括美国商务部、小型企业管理局（SBA）、国务院、财政部、美国国际开发署（USAID） 和其他政府部门 - 通过会议、信息请求（RFI）、白皮书、技术援助和研究以及非正式的外展活动和对话等方式与行业的利益相关者进行了接洽，以更好地了解行业并确定政府在金融科技发展中的正确作用。
At the White House FinTech Summit in June 2016, Cabinet Secretaries and senior officials from across the Administration engaged with stakeholders about the potential for fintech to help further myriad policy goals, including small business access to capital, financial inclusion and health, domestic growth, and international development. At the same event, industry and other stakeholders conveyed the need for a framework that articulates the U.S. government’s perspective on fintech.
2016年6月，在美国白宫举行了金融科技峰会。内阁秘书和政府要员与利益相关者就有关金融科技的多项政策目标进行沟通，包括小企业的资本触达、普惠金融和金融稳健、经济增长及国际发展等。会议期间，业界及利益相关人士表达了对一个能清晰阐述美国政府对金融科技的态度框架的需求。
This document sets forth Administration policy objectives that reflect widely-shared values and practical expectations for the financial services sector and the U.S. government entities that interact with the sector. It then provides ten overarching principles that constitute a framework policymakers and regulators can use to think about, engage with, and assess the fintech ecosystem in order to meet these policy objectives. Similarly, industry and other stakeholders can use the framework to understand how they can contribute to a well-functioning and inclusive financial system, and to examine their products and services against articulated principles.
本白皮书阐述了本政府的政策目标，反映了金融服务部门和与该部门对接的美国政府机构之间共同的价值观和实际期望。随后提出了十项总体原则，构成一个决策者、监管者可以用以思考、参与和评估金融科技生态系统以实现很白皮书所提政策目标的框架。同样，行业和其他利益相关者可以使用该框架来了解他们如何能够为运作良好的普惠金融系统做出贡献，并根据所提原则检验其产品和服务。
This whitepaper is both a product of ongoing public-private cooperation and a roadmap for future collaboration. As the fintech ecosystem continues to evolve, this statement of principles should serve as a resource to guide the development of smart, pragmatic, and innovative cross-sector engagement.
本白皮书是现有的公私合作的产物，也是未来的合作蓝图。随着金融科技生态系统持续发展，本准则仅为发展智能、实用和创新性的跨部门协作提供指导意见。
II.Background
II.背景
Technological innovations continue to transform how we work, socialize, share information, and otherwise interact with the people and the world around us. This transformation brings enormous opportunities across many industries, including in financial services. Although innovative technology, such as the ATM and electronic trading, has long been a part of financial services, the combination of a post-financial crisis regulatory environment and an exponential increase in technological innovation – including the rapid proliferation of technologies like smartphones, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics – has drastically impacted the way the financial services industry operates. This context makes it easier for technology start-ups to enter the financial services industry and offer products and services directly to consumers and businesses, including incumbent financial institutions. Additionally, traditional financial institutions are increasingly investing resources in innovation. Policymakers and regulators must consistently endeavor to understand these new technologies in order to support innovation in furtherance of important policy objectives. They must also work collaboratively with fintech innovators to mitigate potential risks.
技术创新不断改变我们的工作、社交、分享信息，以及与我们周围的人和世界的互动的方式。这种改变为许多行业带来了巨大的机会，包括金融服务业。尽管创新性技术，如ATM和电子交易，长期以来一直隶属于金融服务业的一部分，金融危机后监管环境和技术创新结合的指数式增长 - 包括智能手机、人工智能，以及大数据分析等 - 对金融服务行业的运营方式产生了巨大影响。这种情况使得技术初创企业更容易进入金融服务行业，并直接向消费者和企业（包括现有金融机构）提供产品和服务。此外，传统金融机构越来越多地投入资源以进行创新。政策制定者和监管机构必须始终努力了解这些新技术，以支持创新，推动重要政策目标的实现。他们还必须与金融科技创新者合作，减少潜在的风险。
The term “fintech” has been defined in many ways. This paper uses the term broadly to encompass a wide spectrum of technological innovations which impact a broad range of financial activities, including payments, investment management, capital raising, deposits and lending, insurance, regulatory compliance, and other activities in the financial services space. These innovations include, for example, mobile payment solutions for consumers and merchants, online marketplace lending, algorithmic savings and investment tools, virtual currency, biometric digital customer identification and authentication, and automated mid- and back-office enterprise functions, such as the use of algorithms, big data, artificial intelligence, and link analytics.
术语“金融科技”（fintech）已有多种定义。本文采取该术语的广义定义以涵盖不同种类的技术创新，这些技术创新影响各种各样的金融活动，包括金融服务领域的支付、投资管理、资本筹集、存款和贷款、保险、监管合规以及其他金融活动。这些创新包括，如针对消费者和商家的移动支付解决方案、在线市场借贷、算法节约和投资工具、虚拟货币、生物数字客户识别和认证，以及自动化的中间和后台企业功能（如使用的算法，大数据，人工智能和链路分析等）。
The United States remains the global leader in fintech as measured by total investments.3 However, the U.S. leadership position in fintech should not be taken for granted. The U.S. government should continue to develop a policy strategy that helps advance the sector, achieve other policy outcomes where financial services play an integral role, protect consumers, and maintain a robust competitive advantage in the technology and financial services sectors to promote broad-based economic growth at home and abroad.
美国在对金融科技的总投资方面仍占据全球领先地位。然而，美国在金融科技领域的领导地位不应被视为理所当然。美国政府应继续制定有利于推动金融科技发展的政策战略，在金融服务业发挥不可或缺的作用的领域实现其他政策目标，保护消费者利益，以及在技术和金融服务领域保持较强的竞争优势，促进国内外广泛的经济增长。
III.Policy Objectives for Financial Services
III.金融服务行业的政策目标
The U.S. government and the private sector should work together to encourage innovation that has the potential to yield greater public benefit across the economy; supporting smart fintech growth is one way to do so.
美国政府部门和私营部门应该共同努力，鼓励有可能在整个经济中产生更大的公共利益的创新; 其中一种方式就是，支持智能金融科技的发展。
This section sets forth policy objectives for which financial services play an integral role.
本节阐述了金融服务发挥不可或缺作用领域的政策目标。
·Foster Positive Financial Services Innovation and Entrepreneurship
·积极推动金融服务创新、创业
This Administration committed significant resources to promote innovation and entrepreneurship as pillars of economic prosperity at home and abroad. At the 2016 Global Entrepreneurship Summit, President Obama articulated the benefits of innovation and entrepreneurship to society as advancing discovery, learning, and economic growth. He described the entrepreneurial spirit as “[t]hat ability to turn an idea into reality – a new venture, a small business – that creates good-paying jobs, that puts rising economies on the path to prosperity, and empowers people to come together and tackle our most pressing global problems, from climate change to poverty.”4 Fintech has the potential to be a clear manifestation of that entrepreneurial spirit.
本政府为了促进创新创业成为国内外经济繁荣的支柱投入了大量资源。在2016年全球创业峰会上，奥巴马阐述了创新和创业对社会的益处，即发现新事物、学习新知识、推动经济新发展。他认为，创业精神就是“变理念为现实 — 创办新企业，创办小企业 — 创造高收入的就业机会，促进经济繁荣昌盛，联合各国人民解决最棘手的全球问题，从气候变化到贫穷问题。”而金融科技便是这种创业精神的典型代表。
The U.S. government, therefore, maintains a forward-leaning posture to promoting entrepreneurship and responsible innovation in financial services. Departments, agencies, and independent regulators have used a variety of tools to promote fintech innovation, including the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency’s (OCC) Responsible Innovation initiative, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s (CFPB) Project Catalyst, the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) Fintech Working Group, Commerce’s Open for Innovation events, and Treasury and USAID’s Financial Inclusion Forums. In addition, Treasury convened leading technology companies and hosted the first-ever finance Datapalooza with more than 100 representatives of fintech firms and financial services companies, and co-sponsored the MyMoneyAppUp Challenge – one of the first federally-sponsored challenge competitions – to encourage the public to develop and pitch concepts for new mobile apps geared to helping consumers make informed financial decisions and improve their financial health. Treasury also established the Financial Empowerment Innovation Fund in 2014 to support the development and evaluation of new strategies to expand access to financial services and improve financial decision-making skills. These examples represent just a few of the many ways that federal agencies have worked to understand, promote, and harness the potential of fintech to benefit consumers, protect the financial system, and strengthen the economy.
因此，美国政府为了提升金融服务领域的创业精神和推动负责任的创新，时刻保持前瞻性的态度。各部门、机构和独立监管机构使用各种工具来推动金融科技创新，包括美国货币监理署（OCC）负责任创新计划主管办公室、消费者金融保护局（CFPB）项目催化剂、证券交易委员会（SEC）金融科技工作组、商务部开放创新会议、财政部和美国国际开发署的普惠金融论坛。此外，财政部召集领先的技术公司，主办了首家金融资料狂欢会，100多家金融科技公司和金融服务公司的代表参与其中，并共同赞助了MyMoneyAppUp挑战赛 - 这是第一次联盟赞助的挑战赛 - 以鼓励公众开发和推广新移动应用程序的概念，帮助消费者做出明智的财务决策和提高他们的金融稳健。财政部还在2014年设立了金融赋权创新基金，以支持发展和评估新的扩大金融服务的渠道和提高金融决策技能的战略。这些例子只是联邦机构努力认识、促进和利用金融科技的潜力以使消费者受益、保护金融体系和推动经济发展的许多方式中的一小部分。
This Administration is proud of the hard work undertaken by federal agencies to support innovation and engage with the fintech industry, while also recognizing that there is more work to do. Policymakers and regulators should continue engaging with the private sector to foster innovation in fintech while protecting consumers, businesses, and the financial system.
本政府为联邦机构为支持创新和与金融科技行业合作所做的艰苦工作感到自豪，同时也认识到还有更多的工作要做。政策制定者和监管机构应继续与私营部门合作，促进金融科技的创新，同时保护消费者、企业和金融体系。（未完）
译者介绍：麻双豹，华东政法大学外语学院法律翻译硕士研究生，主要研究领域：区块链、法律翻译、区块链相关翻译引进等。联系邮箱：49683396。
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