《风景园林》2023-09刊首语 | 杨俊宴：城市建成环境的绿色设计与营建

全文刊登于《风景园林》2023年第9期 P8-9

城市建成环境的绿色设计与营建

Green Design and Construction of Urban Built Environment

人与自然和谐共生是中国式现代化的本质要求。

自18世纪中叶的工业革命以来，城市作为主要栖居地经历了快速的城镇化扩张过程。而伴随着城市的急速扩张，城市内部的问题日益严峻。城市生态环境破坏、人居环境品质低下等诸多问题严重影响着人们的生活与身心健康。随着中国城镇化的发展进程，城市建设已然从注重“量”的外扩式发展，转变为注重“质”的内涵式更新。在国家“双碳”与新型城镇化等战略的背景下，解析城市发展与生态环境之间的作用机理、平衡城市发展与生态保护，进而营造绿色宜居的城市栖息地成为当前城市设计与风景园林领域的热点议题。

追根溯源，从麦克哈格的“设计结合自然”的理念到理查德·福曼的土地嵌合理论，从霍华德的田园城市到奥姆斯特德的“波士顿项链”规划，再到钱学森提出将中国山水诗词、山水画意境与城市相结合的“山水城市”概念，绿色、生态等对城市建成环境的营建理念一直引导着城市设计理论与方法的发展。近年来，LAAB建筑师事务所设计的香港自然探索公园、荷兰VenhoevenCS事务所的湖畔绿洲项目，以及Grant Associates事务所设计并建成的新加坡滨海花园等工程实践项目，也从人、城、自然共同体的视角在城市绿色设计与营建领域做出了积极探索。

面向未来，城市建成环境的绿色设计与营建，将在很大程度上成为应对未来城市发展与人类社会可能面临的系列可持续发展问题与挑战的关键设计应对范式与解决方案。对此，一方面需要重新审视城市建设与自然生态之间的关系，将城市与自然环境视为一个共生的有机生命体。进而从“守底线”的保护思想转变为“求上线”的共融理念，探索城市建设与自然环境保护的协同发展路径，建构适应未来城市发展需求的绿色设计与营建理论。另一方面，在数字化、智能化技术在城市设计领域加速渗透的态势下，对于城市建成环境的设计与营建也需要谋求新技术的应用，不断创新基于多源异构城市大数据和智能技术的，更加细颗粒度、体现人的栖息感受的，契合城市三维空间发展的城市建成环境绿色设计与营建方法体系与技术构成，以解决日益复杂、高频运行的城市空间所面临的诸多现实问题。

本专题根植于当前国内外在人居环境的绿色设计与营建方向的前沿理论探索与实践案例，结合中华人居环境营造智慧，探讨当前背景下针对城市建成环境的绿色设计与营建理念、研究方法和技术创新。进而探索可复制、可借鉴、可推广、可应用的绿色城市设计与营建经验及工作路径，引导可持续的城市建设发展模式，提升人居环境品质。为高质量、精细化、生态文明导向下新阶段的城镇化发展和城市建设提供理念指导和实践支撑。

Harmonious coexistence between humans and nature is an essential requirement of Chinese-type modernization.

Since the Industrial Revolution in the middle of the 18th century, cities have, as the main habitats, gone through a process of rapid urbanization and expansion. Along with such rapid expansion, cities have found certain increasingly serious problems inside. The destruction of urban ecological environment and the degrading quality of human environment, among other troubles, are seriously compromising urban citizens’ lives and their physical and mental health. With the urbanization process in China, urban construction has changed from “quantity-based” extensive growth to “quality-focused” intensive renewal. Under the background of such national strategies of “Double Carbon” deductions and new urbanization, it has become a hot topic in the field of urban design and landscape architecture how to resolve the functional mechanism between urban development and ecological environment, to strike a balance between urban development and ecological protection, and in turn to forge green and livable urban habitats.

In retrospect, we can identify a line of conceptual evolvement: McHarg’s idea of “design with nature”; Richard Forman’s theory of “land mosaic”; Howard’s garden city theory; Olmsted’s “Boston Necklace” plan; and Qian Xuesen’s “landscape city” conception that proposes a combination between Chinese landscape poetry, Chinese landscape painting’s prospect, and urban design. The building concepts of green and ecological construction for the built environments in cities have always guided the development of urban design theories and methodologies. Over recent years, vigorous explorations have been made in the field of urban green design and construction from the perspective of the community of human, city and nature, as showcased in many construction practice projects, including: the Hong Kong Nature Discovery Park designed by LAAB Architects, the Lakeside Oasis Project by VenhoevenCS of the Netherlands, and the Gardens by the Bay in Singapore designed and built by Grant Associates.

In prospect, the green design and construction of urban built environments would, to a large extent, become a key design paradigm and solution to a series of sustainable development problems and challenges that may be faced by the future urban development and human society. In this respect, on the one hand, it is necessary to reexamine the relationship between urban construction and natural ecology by regarding cities and natural environments as a symbiotic organic body. Then, the protection idea of “keeping the bottom line” should be changed into the convergence concept of “pursuing the top line”, so as to explore a synergistic development approach between urban construction and natural environment protection, while coining a green design and construction theory that can meet the needs of future urban development. On the other hand, given the trend of accelerated penetration of digital and intelligent technologies in the field of urban design, the implementation of new technologies should be sought in the domain of designing and constructing urban built environments. In this way, we may keep on innovating the methodological system and technological composition for green design and construction of urban built environments based on multisource heterogeneous urban big data and intelligent technologies in a more fine-grained manner that can reflect human’s habitation feelings, while meeting the demand of three-dimensional space development of cities, so as to solve many realistic problems faced by the increasingly complex urban space that is operating in high frequency.

The topic in this issue is rooted in the current cutting-edge theoretical explorations and practical cases in the direction of green design and construction of human settlements both in China and other nations. In combination with Chinese wisdom in forging human settlements, it will explore the concepts, research methodologies and technical innovations for green design and construction of urban built environment under the current background. Furthermore, it will search for certain experiences and work paths that can be copied, referenced, rolled out and implemented in green urban design and construction, so as to guide the sustainable urban construction and development models and boost the quality of human settlements. It will provide conceptual direction and practical support for the new-stage urbanization development and city construction in the orientation of high quality, refinement and ecological civilization.

本期专题组稿人：杨俊宴

Acquiring editor of the current issue: YANG Junyan

2023年9月6日

September 6, 2023

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