《风景园林》2023-12刊首语 | 郑曦：健康理念与城市空间

全文刊登于《风景园林》2023年第12期 P8-9

健康理念与城市空间

Health Philosophy and Urban Space

健康理念体现在城市空间规划设计的方方面面。在19世纪中叶，英国伦敦暴发霍乱疫情，约翰·斯诺通过详细的调查，绘制了伦敦霍乱地图，揭示了霍乱与特定水源的关联。这一早期的流行病学和地理空间结合的案例揭示了城市规划对公共卫生的重要性。工业革命后，城市发展迎来了空前的繁荣，却也伴随着一系列健康问题的出现，恶劣的工作环境、拥挤的居住区、污染的空气和水源，这一切成为了当时城市居民健康的巨大威胁，也正是在这个时刻，人们开始意识到健康与空间规划之间的紧密联系。随着对健康的理解从关注疾病预防到涵盖身体、心理、社会福祉，再到生态系统健康等更广泛视角的转变，推动了将健康理念纳入空间规划设计中。

当前，健康理念逐渐与可持续发展理念相结合。人们关注城市规划、景观设计、环境保护、食品安全等与健康直接相关的方面，追求既能够维护个体健康又有助于地球可持续发展的生活方式。“同一健康”理念的演变呈现出从狭义的医学观念到广义的社会、环境、全球性因素综合考量的趋势。这一过程既是对健康认知逐步深化的体现，也是不断适应社会变革和科技进步的产物，更是重新审视人与自然共生关系的深刻转变，体现了对城市空间更加综合、健康、可持续发展的期待。

健康的城市空间规划设计需要超越传统的规划理念，将医学、社会学、生态学等多学科的智慧融入，其中，公共空间是城市中的关键社交场所，也是人们休憩与活动的重要场地。在同一健康视角下，更需重新思考公共空间的功能与布局。公园、广场、步道等空间要满足人们的身体活动需求，同时提供充足的绿色覆盖，让人们在自然中感受舒适、放松。公共空间就像重要的动脉，促进身体活动、社交互动和精神恢复，并能够加强社会结构、提高集体的适应力。

面向全球气候变化应对，我们站在健康与可持续性的交汇点上，不断演进的健康理念与城市空间之间存在着愈发深刻的关系，空间规划设计的方式也需要相应调整，特别是生态系统的健康与人类的健康、城市生活的健康与安全愈发紧密。地球上的每一个人、每一个物种都面临气候变化的挑战，城市空间需要体现强有力的生态系统健康维持能力，我们需要了解不同物种的生境、栖息环境、习性以及适应环境的能力。被称为动物界“工程师”的海狸，非常擅长修筑水坝，海狸总是会将池塘挖掘到足够的深度，建造多重水坝综合体，将水深增加到足够的深度来保护自己，从而创造微湿地，蓄积更多水，减缓水流失，在干旱时期保持水量，彻底改变环境，并营建自己的巢穴。近来研究发现，海狸通过北移应对气候变化，在永久冻土区域制造池塘，蓄积的温暖水面增加了生物多样性，同时也创造了绿洲，这可能会影响冻土层生态系统，但体现了应对气候变化适应环境的能力，具有类似海狸的生存智慧的物种还有很多，而人类需要在空间规划设计中保护和营造多样性的栖息环境，提升生物多样性，以维持健康的生态系统，推进人与自然协同健康发展。共同建设一个更加美好、更加健康的未来城市。

The philosophy of health has been mapped in all aspects of urban space planning and design. In the mid-19th century, a cholera epidemic broke out in London, England. After a thorough investigation, John Snow drew a map of cholera across London, which revealed an association between the cholera distribution and specific water sources. This was an early case of combining epidemiology and geographic space, which highlighted the importance of urban planning for public health. Following the Industrial Revolution, urban development ushered in unprecedented prosperity, but also with a series of health-related problems: Poor working conditions, crowded dwelling districts, polluted air and water, and so on. All these occurrences impose serious threats to the health of urban dwellers at that time. It is also since this moment that people have begun to be aware of the tight connection between health and spatial planning. As the public's understanding of health shifted from a focus on disease prevention to such aspects as physical, mental, and social well-being dimensions, and then to ecosystem health as well as other broader perspectives, the philosophy of health gradually began to be incorporated into spatial planning and design.

At present, the philosophy of health comes to be integrated with the idea of sustainability. People pay attention to urban planning, landscape design, environmental protection, food safety and other issues directly related to health, while pursuing lifestyles that cannot only maintain individual health, but can also enhance the sustainable development of the Earth. The philosophy of "One Health" has evolved along the trend from a narrowly defined medical concept to a broad mindset that takes into comprehensive account the social, environmental and global factors. This process is both a reflection of gradually deepened cognition of health and a product of continuous adaptation to social transformation and scientific advancement. Even more, it is a profound shift to reexamine the symbiotic relationship between human beings and nature, charting an expectation for a more integrated, healthy and sustainable development of urban space.

Health-oriented urban space planning and design entails a methodology that goes beyond traditional planning concepts by integrating wisdom from multiple disciplines, including medicine, sociology, ecology and so on. Especially, public space is key social venues in cities, as well as an important site for urban citizens' rest and activities. Under the same health perspective, it is even more necessary to rethink the functionality and layout of public space. Such spaces as parks, plazas and pathways should meet people's demand for physical activities, while providing adequate green coverage, so that people can feel comfortable and relaxed in nature. Like vital arteries, public spaces could facilitate physical movement, social interaction and mental recovery, thus enhancing the social fabrics and boosting the collective resilience.

Facing the global climate change, we are standing at the intersection of health and sustainability. Given an increasingly in-depth relationship between the ever-evolving health philosophy and urban space, the approach to spatial planning and design needs to be transformed accordingly, especially when the health of ecosystems is getting more and more closely linked to the health of human beings as well as the health and safety of urban life. Nowadays, every person and species on the planet is encountering the challenge from climate changes, so urban spaces are required to demonstrate a robust capacity to maintain the ecosystem's health. It is necessary for us to understand the biotope, habitats, living habits, and adaptive capacities of different species. Known as the "engineers" in the animal kingdom, beavers are very adept at building dams. They can always dig their ponds deep enough to protect themselves, while constructing multiple dam complexes, so as to create micro-wetlands, hold more water, and slow down water drainage. They can retain proper water in drought seasons. In a word, they build their hideouts, while modifying the environment totally. Some recent research has found that beavers are responding to climate change by migrating northward. By digging ponds in permafrost and storing warm water, they increase the biodiversity and forge oases. This may affect permafrost ecosystems; anyway, it showcases an ability to respond to climate change and adapt to the environment. In fact, there are many more species with survival wisdom similar to that of beavers. In spatial planning and design, it is needed to protect and forge diversified habitats, so as to enhance biodiversity and maintain a healthy ecosystem. Only in this way, may we promote coordinative and healthy development of humans and nature by jointly constructing better cities that are more healthy and future-proof.

主编：郑曦教授

Editor-in-Chief: ZHENG Xi

2023年12月4日

December 4, 2023

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