怎样构建香港特色的民主选举制度?
The following article is from 一点时间 Author 萧平
作者：萧平
XIAO PING
资深时事评论员
编者按：本报去年4月连载了资深评论员萧平“一国两制”系列漫谈，计16篇，获良好社会反响。中华书局遂于去年5月将该系列文章结集出版，书名《回归“一国两制”的初心》，再获好评，迄今已连印6次。今该书即将再版，作者就制定香港国安法和完善特区选举制度补充了4篇文章。本报先行刊出，以飨读者，此为第四篇。
怎样构建香港特色的民主选举制度?
Build a democratic electoral system with HK characteristics
基本法确立了行政长官和立法会全部议员最终普选产生的目标，而基本法附件一和附件二只规定了到2007年的产生办法，以及此后“如需修改”的相关程序。反对派急于实现“双普选”，把香港所有问题的根源归结为没有“一人一票”。他们主张的选举制度，与香港在“一国两制”下应有的选举制度大相径庭。The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region sets the ultimate goal of achieving universal suffrage in both the chief executive and Legislative Council elections in a gradual and orderly fashion; while in Annex I and Annex II of the Basic Law, a more-specific method of selecting the chief executive and LegCo members, for up to the year of 2007 only, is given, with a set of procedures for future amendment when necessary. The opposition camp in Hong Kong betted everything on achieving universal suffrage in both elections immediately by resorting to all means imaginable and blamed all the problems Hong Kong has on the absence of “one person one vote”. But the model they insisted on is way off the kind of electoral system that suits Hong Kong the best under the “one country, two systems” policy.
对特区的政治体制和选举制度，邓小平讲过明确的意见。他说，“对香港来说，普选就一定有利？我不相信。管理香港事务的人应该是爱祖国、爱香港的香港人，普选就一定能选出这样的人来吗？” “我们一定要切合实际，要根据自己的特点来决定自己的制度和管理方式。” “香港的制度也不能完全西化，不能照搬西方的一套”。“如果硬要照搬，造成动乱，那是很不利的。”
Deng Xiaoping, when discussing the political and electoral systems for Hong Kong back in the day, refused to believe the assertion that universal suffrage suits Hong Kong no matter what. Those who administer Hong Kong should be locals who love the motherland and Hong Kong equally. But can anyone guarantee universal suffrage alone will return such administrators? He said, “We must choose a system and governance model for ourselves in full respect to our real situation and characteristics.” Hong Kong’s system must not be completely Westernized or copy the Western model directly. “If Hong Kong copies the Western model no matter what, it will suffer a lot when social unrest happens.”
选举制度没有国际标准，美国与英国的选举制度就不一样。1994年联合国出版《人权与选举：选举的法律、技术和人权手册》，指出“没有一套政治制度或选举方法适合所有人和所有国家”，并明确反对“将任何一个已有的政治模式强加于任何地方”。
There is no international standard for an electoral system. For example, those of the United States and United Kingdom are different. The United Nations published in 1994 a handbook on the basic international human rights principles relating to elections, which is titled Human Rights and Elections: A Handbook on the Legal, Technical and Human Rights Aspects of Elections. In that handbook, the UN human rights body states that there is no political system or electoral method that works for all people or all countries, and it objects to any attempt to impose an existing political model on any society.
评判选举制度的优劣，最重要的标准要看它是否适合该国或该地区的实际情况。鞋子合不合脚，穿了才知道。衡量香港的选举制度，依据是“一国两制”和香港的情况，而非西方国家的既有模式。
The most important criterion in rating electoral systems is whether it suits a particular country or region the best. The best way to know if a shoe fits is to wear it. When evaluating Hong Kong’s electoral system, the key determinants are “one country, two systems” and Hong Kong’s actual situation, rather than any existing model copied from the West.
香港的选举制度不能脱离两个条件。首先是宪制地位。作为单一制国家的地方行政区域，香港的选举是一国之内的地方性选举，不能照搬主权国家的选举制度，必须从国家利益与安全、从中央和特区关系的角度去考虑和设计。确保选出爱国者，是宪制地位的必然要求。其次是实际情况。要循序渐进，让民主进程与社会及历史条件相适应，防止急进震荡和极端民主。要均衡参与，兼顾各阶层各界别，以利于经济发展和社会稳定。要有助于处理行政与立法关系，落实基本法确立的行政主导体制，实现良政善治。
Hong Kong’s electoral system must meet two conditions. The first is its constitutional order. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of a unitary state, and its elections are regional events that must be designed with the relationship between the SAR and the central government as well as national interest and security in mind. That means it cannot be modeled after the electoral systems of sovereign states. Given its constitutional order as a special administrative region, it is only natural for Hong Kong to make sure only true patriots are elected to administer the SAR. The other one is Hong Kong’s actual situation. That means Hong Kong’s constitutional development must proceed in a gradual and orderly fashion according to the Basic Law, let the democratic process evolve harmoniously with its social development as the actual situation permits, and prevent a harmful rush to extreme democracy. The HKSAR’s electoral system should facilitate balanced participation by all sectors of society, so as to benefit economic development and social stability. It must help enhance executive-legislative relations, strengthen the executive-led administration as stipulated by the Basic Law, and achieve good governance.
反对派依据《公民权力与政治权利国际公约》第25条，把“普及而平等”视为民主选举的国际标准。他们冠冕堂皇的口号很容易蒙骗人。实际上，25条只明确了选举的若干原则，并没有规定具体方式。何况，1976年英国政府就声明保留不在香港实施25条的权利，香港回归后中国政府延续了这一做法。
The opposition camp in Hong Kong insists on taking “universal and equal suffrage”, which is mentioned in Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as the international standard for democratic elections. They could have easily hoodwinked people with their dazzling banners or slogans. The fact is, Article 25 of the International Covenant merely lists three principles without specifying any methods of election. Besides, the UK government declared back in 1976 that it reserved the right not to implement in Hong Kong the principles contained in Article 25 of the International Covenant. The Chinese government chose to continue this practice after Hong Kong returned to the motherland in July 1997.
基本法明确了普选目标，更明确了香港的宪制地位和实现普选的条件。不能谈选举目标就搬出基本法，谈选举办法就抛开基本法。2021年修订完善的特区选举制度，是对原有制度的重构及优化，与现阶段香港民主发展的需要相契合。未来香港走向普选，那也必将是符合“一国两制”、有香港特色的普选。
The Basic Law of the HKSAR not only sets the ultimate goal of achieving universal suffrage in both the chief executive and LegCo elections, following a gradual and orderly process, but also establishes the constitutional order of Hong Kong and stipulates the conditions for universal suffrage. It is unacceptable to justify the ultimate goal of electoral reform with the Basic Law but discuss methods of election without referring to the Basic Law. The new electoral system after improvement earlier this year, in accordance with new amendments to Annex I and Annex II of the Basic Law, is a reconstruction and optimization of the existing system that is in line with the current stage of democratic development in Hong Kong. As it progresses toward universal suffrage, the HKSAR must always stick to “one country, two systems” in pursuit of democracy with Hong Kong characteristics.
原载于11月2日《中国日报香港版》
来源：中国日报网
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