JIA 2018-06期 发布
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Special Focus: Hot spots in bovine mastitis research
Editorial
LI Xiu-bo, XU Fei
2017年国际奶牛乳房炎会议暨美国乳房炎协会中国区会议于2017年8月25日至27日在北京成功举办，来自8个国家/地区及国际组织的近650名专家学者出席了本次大会。会议打造了一个行业交流平台，涵盖了奶牛健康的方方面面，包括奶牛乳房炎病原体、疾病诊断、药物治疗、牧场管理、药物残留、细菌耐药及牛奶质量安全等。本期专栏，我们为您介绍四篇与会议内容相关的最新文献，合理用药提供科学依据。
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我们相信，本期专题文章将会对乳房炎领域的专家和读者有所帮助。我们对作者提高高质量的论文以及在本领域不懈的努力深表感谢。
Management and prevention of mastitis: A multifactorial approach with a focus on milking, bedding and data-management
Sarne De Vliegher, Ian Ohnstad, Sofie Piepers
Mastitis is a complex, multifactorial disease. Pathogens, cows and farmers (via management) all play a role. It is costly and annoying for the farmer and threatens the image of the entire dairy industry. Prevention and control of mastitis is based on multiple principles that have been known for a long time. To implement them successfully, they should be put forward by a motivated and motivating advisor that transfers the existing knowledge to the farmer. When the changes are data-driven, applied by an encouraged farmer through a farm-specific implementation, prevention and control of mastitis will be successful and result in happy cows, happy farmers, happy advisors, happy consumers, and a happy industry. Nationwide projects focussing on communication and transfer of existing knowledge in prevention and control are very helpful in reaching high numbers of farmers and advisors and harmonizing the message brought by different parties. This paper gives an overview of multifactorial approach of mastitis management and prevention with a focus on milking, bedding and data-analysis.
Cite this article:
Sarne De Vliegher, Ian Ohnstad, Sofie Piepers. Management and prevention of mastitis: A multifactorial approach with a focus on milking, bedding and data-management. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1214-1233.
Elimination of ceftiofur hydrochloride residue in postpartum cows’ milk after intramammary infusing at dry-off
盐酸头孢噻呋乳房注入剂（干乳期）在产后奶牛乳汁中的残留消除研究
KANG Ji-jun, LIU Yi-ming, ZHAO Lei-lei, Xu Fei, CHEN Xiao-jie, YAN Xing, LI Xiu-bo
本研究目的是调查盐酸头孢噻呋于奶牛干乳期经乳房注入后在产后奶牛乳汁中的残留消除情况。为此，建立并验证了牛奶中盐酸头孢噻呋残留超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法（UPLC-MS/MS）。经前处理过程，盐酸头孢噻呋被衍生化为更稳定的去呋喃羰基头孢噻呋乙酰胺（DCA）用以进一步分析。DCA的线性范围为0.1 to 50 μg kg-1。DCA的平均回收率为82.52-105.86%。日内和日间的变异系数分别为2.95-9.82%和6.41-7.43%。检测限（LOD）和定量限（LOQ）分别为0.05 μg kg-1和0.1 μg kg-1。以上参数证明该方法可靠有效。12头奶牛在干奶期前最后一次挤奶后，每头牛每个乳区注入10 mL盐酸头孢噻呋乳房注入剂（相当于500 mg 头孢噻呋）。奶牛产犊后12，24，36，48，60 和72 h 后采集各乳区牛奶样品，将各奶牛各时间点的牛奶样品混合后进行UPLC-MS/MS分析。结果显示，所有样品中的DCA 浓度低于定量限0.1 μg kg-1和最大残留限量（MRL）100 μg kg-1。建议用于预防和治疗干奶期奶牛乳房炎的盐酸头孢噻呋乳房注入剂的弃奶期为产犊后0天。该研究为盐酸头孢噻呋乳房注入剂（干乳期）的临床应用提供了指导。
Cite this article:
KANG Ji-jun, LIU Yi-ming, ZHAO Lei-lei, Xu Fei, CHEN Xiao-jie, YAN Xing, LI Xiu-bo. Elimination of ceftiofur hydrochloride residue in postpartum cows’ milk after intramammary infusing at dry-off. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1234-1240.
Evaluation of a new qPCR test to identify the organisms causing high total bacterial count in bulk tank milk
Jørgen Katholm, Lene Trier Olesen, Anders Petersen, Snorri Sigurdsson
Milk quality in bulk tank milk (BTM) is measured by flow cytometry technology as total bacterial count (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC). To investigate SCC problems, culture or PCR can be used to identify mastitis causing bacteria, e.g., Mastit 4, a commercially available qPCR test. TBC in BTM can be investigated further using culture-based methods such as standard plate count, laboratory pasteurization count, coliform count, and spore counts. To our knowledge, no qPCR addressing the bacteria involved in TBC has been commercially introduced. The aim of this study is to evaluate a recently introduced 3-h qPCR test, TBC 4. The TBC 4 qPCR detects four target groups, Pseudomonas, Streptococci, Enterobacteriacea/Enterococcus, and Bacillus/Clostridia. These target groups relate to problems on the farm such as cooling, mastitis, environment, and silage. We will continue with new research to compare the TBC 4 qPCR test with traditional culture. For this study, BTM samples from different TBC intervals were selected based on BactoCount results found at routine payment investigation at Eurofins laboratory (Vejen, Denmark). These samples were analyzed using TBC 4 qPCR assay within 24 h. In total, 346 BTM samples were divided into six different intervals of colony forming units (CFU). For all four targets in each of the different intervals of CFU, the percent of positive samples, the average Ct-value, the percent of positive samples with Ct<30 and Ct<25 were calculated. For Pseudomonas, Streptococci, and Enterobacteriacea/Enterococcus, the number of positive samples with lower Ct-values (high bacteria content) correlated with the CFU mL-1. We found Enterobacteriacea/Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, and Streptococci in high number of bacteria (Ct<25) in 25, 19 and 56% of samples with CFU mL-1 between 50 001–100 000 and 53, 44, and 39% in samples with CFU mL-1>100 000. The TBC 4 qPCR test showed to be a strong and fast tool for farmers, advisors and service technicians to address problems with high TBC and ensuring the delivery of good quality milk to the dairy.
Cite this article:
Jørgen Katholm, Lene Trier Olesen, Anders Petersen, Snorri Sigurdsson. Evaluation of a new qPCR test to identify the organisms causing high total bacterial count in bulk tank milk. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1241-1245.
Prevalence and characteristics of extended spectrum β-lactamaseproducing Escherichia coli from bovine mastitis cases in China
奶牛乳房炎产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠杆菌的流行状况及其特征研究
YANG Feng, ZHANG Shi-dong, SHANG Xiao-fei, WANG Xu-rong, WANG Ling, YAN Zuo-ting, LI Hong-sheng
本文旨在研究我国奶牛乳房炎产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠杆菌的流行状况及其特征。采用ChromID ESBL琼脂检测产超广谱β内酰胺酶的大肠杆菌，通过PCR 扩增来检测产超广谱β内酰胺酶菌株的基因型特征，并通过纸片扩散法测定菌株的药物敏感性。318株牛源大肠杆菌中，有73株（22.96%）为广谱β内酰胺酶菌株。β内酰胺酶CTX-M和TEM-1的检测率分别为97.26%和71.23%。CTX-M-15（65.75%）为主要的CTX-M型β内酰胺酶，其次分别为CTX-M-14 (10.96%)、CTX-M-55 (9.59%)、CTX-M-64 (5.48%)、CTX-M-65 (4.11%)和CTX-M-3 (1.37%)。本研究首次在奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌中检测到了CTX-M-64和CTX-M-65型β内酰胺酶。此外，药物敏感性显示98.63%的产超广谱β内酰胺酶菌株为多重耐药菌株。我国奶牛乳房炎产超广谱β内酰胺酶的大肠杆菌流行水平较高，且呈现出较高的耐药性。
Cite this article:
YANG Feng, ZHANG Shi-dong, SHANG Xiao-fei, WANG Xu-rong, WANG Ling, YAN Zuo-ting, LI Hong-sheng. Prevalence and characteristics of extended spectrum β-lactamaseproducing Escherichia coli from bovine mastitis cases in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1246-1251.
Crop Science
Evolutionary analysis of plant jacalin-related lectins (JRLs) family and expression of rice JRLs in response to Magnaporthe oryzae
植物类凝集素jacalin-related lectins (JRLs)家族蛋白进化分析及水稻JRLs对稻瘟病菌的响应
HAN Yi-juan, ZHONG Zhen-hui, SONG Lin-lin, Olsson Stefan, WANG Zong-hua, LU Guo-dong
植物jacalin类凝集素(Jacalin-related lectins, JRLs)超家族是比较常见的糖基结合蛋白，广泛存在植物界中，在植物生长发育和抵抗病原菌侵扰过程中起重要作用。本文分析了30个物种的JRLs系统演化、蛋白结构域组合多样性，并测定了水稻JRLs基因对稻瘟病菌侵染的响应情况。每个供试的物种均编码了两种类型JRLs，即含单一、重复jacalin结构域。此外，超过一半的物种编码第三种类型JRLs，即吸收外来结构域的嵌合体凝集素。禾本科植物进化出两类特异嵌合体，在这些凝集素蛋白中，jacalin分别融合了与抗逆抗病相关的结构域Dirigent、NB_ARC。水稻基因组共编码了7个禾本科特异的JRLs。进一步研究发现，包括4个禾本科特异基因在内的水稻JRLs受到稻瘟病菌转录激活。总的来讲，本文分析了植物JRLs的进化轨迹，也发现了禾本科特异JRLs在水稻抗病反应中的潜在功能。
Cite this article:
HAN Yi-juan, ZHONG Zhen-hui, SONG Lin-lin, Olsson Stefan, WANG Zong-hua, LU Guo-dong. Evolutionary analysis of plant jacalin-related lectins (JRLs) family and expression of rice JRLs in response to Magnaporthe oryzae. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1252-1266.
Molecular mapping of YrTZ2, a stripe rust resistance gene in wild emmer accession TZ-2 and its comparative analyses with Aegilops tauschii
野生二粒小麦抗条锈病基因YrTZ2的遗传定位及其与山羊草的比较分析
WANG Zhen-zhong, XIE Jing-zhong, GUO Li, ZHANG De-yun, LI Gen-qiao, FANG Ti-lin, CHEN Yong-xing, LI Jun, WU Qiu-hong, LU Ping, LI Miao-miao, WU Hai-bin, ZHANG Huai-zhi, ZHANG Yan, YANG Wu-yun, LUO Ming-cheng, Fahima Tzion, LIU Zhi-yong
小麦条锈病是引起产量损失的重要病害，发掘抗条锈病基因并应用于抗病品种培育是防治条锈病危害的重要举措。来自以色列的野生二粒小麦品系TZ-2高度抵抗我国条锈病菌优势菌系CYR34，利用硬粒小麦品种Langdon与TZ-2构建的200个F6:7代重组自交系在四川成都进行条锈病抗性鉴定，发现TZ-2携带一个显性抗条锈病基因YrTZ2。通过BSA分析，将YrTZ2定位在1BS染色体SSR标记Xwmc230和 Xgwm413 之间1.1 cM的遗传区间。 进一步利用小麦90K的SNP芯片寻找到11个与YrTZ2连锁的多态性位点（包括250个SNP标记位点），最终将YrTZ2定位于SNP 标记 IWB19368 和SSR标记Xgwm413之间0.8 cM遗传区间，有28个SNP标记与YrTZ2共分离。比较基因组分析发现YrTZ2基因组区段与山羊草1DS对应24.5 Mb基因组区段具有高度共线性。YrTZ2 的遗传图谱和比较定位为其图位克隆和分子标记辅助选择奠定了基础。
Cite this article:
WANG Zhen-zhong, XIE Jing-zhong, GUO Li, ZHANG De-yun, LI Gen-qiao, FANG Ti-lin, CHEN Yongxing, LI Jun, WU Qiu-hong, LU Ping, LI Miao-miao, WU Hai-bin, ZHANG Huai-zhi, ZHANG Yan, YANG Wu-yun, LUO Ming. Molecular mapping of YrTZ2, a stripe rust resistance gene in wild emmer accession TZ-2 and its comparative analyses with Aegilops tauschii. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1267-1275.
Transcriptomes of early developing tassels under drought stress reveal differential expression of genes related to drought tolerance in maize
干旱胁迫下玉米早期发育雄穗在转录水平的差异表达基因分析
WANG Nan, LI Liang, GAO Wen-wei, WU Yong-bo, YONG Hong-jun, WENG Jian-feng, LI Ming-shun, ZHANG De-gui, HAO Zhuan-fang, LI Xin-hai
作为雌雄异花作物，玉米雄穗的发育及正常散粉对玉米生产至关重要，极易受到干旱胁迫而导致最终玉米减产或绝产。为了研究玉米雄穗发育早期在转录组水平上的耐旱机理，10个玉米自交系在干旱胁迫以及正常浇水处理下的早期发育雄穗分别被取样进行转录组测序。研究发现各类基因在RNA水平的代谢调节非常活跃，其中，编码参与碳水化合物和脂质代谢的基因表达在干旱胁迫下的雄穗中显著下调，而转录因子以及编码分解代谢或降解酶的基因在干旱胁迫下的玉米早期发育雄穗中过表达。另外，我们发现涉及到 “RNA转录本”和“mRNA监测”代谢途径的编码外显子复合物的基因表达差异显著，被认为受到干旱胁迫的影响较大。同时，对差异表达响应干旱胁迫的重要基因的鉴定反映了雄穗在干旱胁迫后期在转录水平的变化。
Cite this article:
WANG Nan, LI Liang, GAO Wen-wei, WU Yong-bo, YONG Hong-jun, WENG Jian-feng, LI Ming-shun, ZHANG De-gui, HAO Zhuan-fang, LI Xin-hai. Transcriptomes of early developing tassels under drought stress reveal differential expression of genes related to drought tolerance in maize. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1276-1288.
GmDRR1, a dirigent protein resistant to Phytophthora sojae in Glycine max (L.) Merr.
大豆GmDRR1蛋白，一个抗大豆疫霉根腐病的Dirigent家族蛋白
CHEN Qing-shan, YU Guo-long, ZOU Jia-nan, WANG Jing, QIU Hong-mei, ZHU Rong-sheng, CHANG Hui-lin, JIANG Hong-wei, HU Zhen-bang, LI Chang-yu, ZHANG Yan-jiao, WANG Jin-hui, WANG Xueding, GAO Shan, LIU Chun-yan, QI Zhao-ming, FU Yong-fu, XIN Da-wei
大豆疫霉是一种可以对大豆产量造成颠覆性破坏的土传病源卵菌。挖掘大豆中的本源抗性基因是控制该病的有效且环境友好的方法。本研究中，在大豆侵染疫霉菌后从大豆第一片三出复叶中提取蛋白，用于蛋白质双向凝胶电泳分析。通过比较发现了19个差异表达的蛋白质点，其中10个被选择进行质谱分析。其中一个蛋白被鉴定出含有Dirigent结构域，因此被命名为GmDRR1.然后，病理结果证实GmDRR1基因参与对大豆疫霉菌的抗性调控。GmDRR1-GFP融合蛋白的荧光信号定位于细胞膜。qRT-PCR结果显示GmDRR1基因在耐大豆疫霉和易感大豆品种中表达不同。通过启动子分析，我们发现单倍型H8存在于大多数抗性大豆品种中，而单倍型H77存在于大多数易感大豆品种。H77单体型有7个SNP（C变A、G变C、C变A、T变A、T变C、T变C和T变A）和两个单核苷酸插入突变。这一结果支持了GmDRR1基因在抗性和易感大豆品种中的表达差异可能依赖于GmDRR1启动子中的SNPs或插入突变区域。结果支持GmDRR1是一个参与大豆抗大豆疫霉的大豆蛋白，为深入研究大豆抗疫霉菌防御反应的分子调控机制奠定了坚实的理论基础。
Cite this article:
CHEN Qing-shan, YU Guo-long, ZOU Jia-nan, WANG Jing, QIU Hong-mei, ZHU Rong-sheng, CHANG Hui-lin, JIANG Hong-wei, HU Zhen-bang, LI Chang-yu, ZHANG Yan-jiao, WANG Jin-hui, WANG Xueding, GAO Shan, LIU Chun-yan, QI Zhao-ming, FU Yong-fu, XIN Da-wei. GmDRR1, a dirigent protein resistant to Phytophthora sojae in Glycine max (L.) Merr.. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1289-1298.
Why high grain yield can be achieved in single seedling machinetransplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions?
密植条件下单本机插杂交稻为何能获得高产
HUANG Min, SHAN Shuang-lü, XIE Xiao-bing, CAO Fang-bo, ZOU Ying-bin
为探明密植条件下单本机插杂交稻高产的原因，于2015和2016年在湖南省永安镇开展大田试验。每年采用2个杂交稻品种，设2个处理：单本机插和常规机插。结果表明，单本机插的平均产量比常规机插高12%。单本机插秧苗的株高、茎基宽、地上部干重和根干重均高于常规机插。单本机插由于最高分蘖数较少，进而导致其有效穗数少于常规机插。单本机插的每穗枝梗数（特别是二次枝梗数）和单位穗长着粒数均高于常规机插，进而使得其每穗粒数高于常规机插。单本机插的结实率较常规机插更高或相当。单本机插与常规机插粒重差异相对较小且年间无统一规律。单本机插的总生物量和收获指数较常规机插更高或相当。单本机插由于单茎叶面积较大，使得其单茎干重比常规机插更重。由此可见，秧苗素质、每穗粒数和单茎干重的提高是密植条件下单本机插杂交稻获得高产的重要原因。
Cite this article:
HUANG Min, SHAN Shuang-lü, XIE Xiao-bing, CAO Fang-bo, ZOU Ying-bin. Why high grain yield can be achieved in single seedling machinetransplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1299-1306.
Farmers’ participatory selection of new rice varieties to boost production under temperate agro-ecosystems
S Najeeb, F A Sheikh, G A Parray, A B Shikari, G zaffar, S C Kashyp, M A Ganie, A B Shah
In mountain agriculture, early maturity, high grain yield and high biomass are generally considered as farmer preferred traits in rice crop in addition to a multiple set of traits collectively responsible for variety adoption or rejection. The varieties tested only on station evaluation trials without taking the data from the farmers’ fields by not including farmers as partners for variety evaluation are the reasons of low adoption of varieties. In this regard, a participatory methodology was followed by conducting a number of participatory trials in the farmers’ fields during 2012–2014 in six districts of Kashmir Valley, India. The mother trials in the farmers’ fields showed that the test variety SKUA-408 consistently and significantly out yielded Jhelum and farmers’ variety followed by Shalimar rice 3 (SR3). The other released varieties like SR1 and SR2 could not perform nicely in the farmers’ fields because of late maturity. After making the t-test comparison of baby trials (paired plots), the mean yield superiority of test varieties SKUA-408, SR3, and SKUA-403 over farmers’ variety during 2013 was around 23, 25, and 22%, respectively, whereas in 2014 the respective yield advantage was recorded as 16.3, 17.7, and 16.2%. In all districts, SKUA-408 and SR3 were significantly preferred by farmers (P<0.05 or 0.01) in terms of pre-harvest traits namely, tillering ability and general phenotypic acceptability, early maturity and biomass and for post-harvest traits such as general cooking quality besides, the intention to grow the variety for next year. Adoption and dissemination of SKUA-408 began in 2014 from the farm-saved seed in the form of farmer to farmer seed exchange. Farmers are the end users of a variety so the decision by the farmers while judging the variety should be taken into consideration to make the varietal choice more effective for its widespread adoption.
Cite this article:
S Najeeb, F A Sheikh, G A Parray, A B Shikari, G zaffar, S C Kashyp, M A Ganie, A B Shah. Farmers’ participatory selection of new rice varieties to boost production under temperate agro-ecosystems..Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1307-1314.
Relationships between temperature-light meteorological factors and seedcotton biomass per boll at different boll positions
温光气象因子与不同部位棉铃铃重关系研究
WU You, ZHAO Wen-qing, MENG Ya-li, WANG You-hua, CHEN Bing-lin, ZHOU Zhi-guo
棉花生长发育受品种遗传性、环境生态因素和栽培措施共同调控，为研究影响不同部位棉铃铃重形成的主要温光气象因子，本试验在2010-2011年，以科棉1号和苏棉15号为材料，设置播种期（4月25日、5月25日和6月10日）试验，并在花铃期设置不同遮阴水平（CRLR 100%, CRLR 80%和CRLR 60%）。结果表明：影响不同部位棉铃铃重的主要气象因子不同，日均太阳辐射对除FB2FN1外的其他部位棉铃均起到促进作用，但其作用小于温度气象因子，温度气象因子中主要起作用的是有效积温。对棉花生育后期棉铃而言，平均日最高温和日均太阳辐射对铃重的影响最为显著，最适平均日最高温为29.9-32.4℃，最适日均太阳辐射为15.8 -17.5 MJ m-2。苏棉15号较科棉1号更易受到温光气象因子变化的影响。
Cite this article:
WU You, ZHAO Wen-qing, MENG Ya-li, WANG You-hua, CHEN Bing-lin, ZHOU Zhi-guo. Relationships between temperature-light meteorological factors and seedcotton biomass per boll at different boll positions. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1315-1326.
Effects of plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning on seedling growth in tobacco cultivation: Different findings beyond conservation view
移栽后地膜烫伤叶片对烤烟幼苗生长的影响——不同于传统观点的发现
LIN Ying-chao, WEI Ke-su, GAO Wei-chang, CHEN Yi, LIN Ye-chun, CHEN Wei, LI Hong-xun, PAN Wen-jie
在烤烟种植过程中幼苗移栽后最初几周内，太阳照射下地膜温度升高会将接触的幼苗叶片烫伤，从而需要花费大量的时间和人力来处理此类接触地膜的叶片以防止被其烫伤。为了研究叶片烫伤对烤烟幼苗生长的影响，本研究分别于2015年和2016年在两个不同试验地点研究了高温地膜引发的叶片烫伤对烤烟幼苗生长及植株内糖和烟碱含量的影响。结果表明，叶片烫伤后烤烟幼苗的生长得到了改善，其叶面积、叶片数、幼苗株高与对照组相比均有提高。叶片被烫伤后，烟株幼苗叶片和根内的果糖和葡萄糖含量上升，其峰值分别出现在11:00和13:00，伴随着烟株根部的烟碱含量自13:00起也开始上升，凸显了糖类物质在此过程中的信号作用。在叶片被烫伤的烟株幼苗中，叶片过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶等抗氧化酶的活性均明显提高，植株更多生物量被分配到根部，烟株幼苗根体积变大。本研究证明地膜温度升高引发的叶片烫伤不仅没有阻碍移栽后烟株幼苗的存活率和生长，反而对其有改善作用，同时也证明了在烤烟移栽后为避免地膜烫伤幼苗叶片而耗费大量时间和人力的人工辅助工作是可以避免的。
Cite this article:
LIN Ying-chao, WEI Ke-su, GAO Wei-chang, CHEN Yi, LIN Ye-chun, CHEN Wei, LI Hong-xun, PAN Wen-jie. Effects of plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning on seedling growth in tobacco cultivation: Different findings beyond conservation view. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1327-1337.
Horticulture
Multivariate analysis between meteorological factor and fruit quality of Fuji apple at different locations in China
ZHANG Qiang, ZHOU Bei-bei, LI Min-ji, WEI Qin-ping, HAN Zhen-hai
【目的】探讨中国苹果产区气象因子与‘富士’苹果品质的关系，筛选影响果实品质特性的生长季（4-10月）主要气象因子，明确‘富士’苹果优质的气象因子优化方案，为中国苹果的合理布局、发展规划和提高果实品质等提供理论依据。【方法】连续2年（2010-2011年）对我国苹果产区11个省市、51个县（市）的153个乔砧苹果园的‘富士’果实品质取样分析，收集气象资料，应用偏最小二乘回归变量投影重要性筛选影响果实品质特性的主要气象因子并建立回归方程，线性规划方法求解‘富士’苹果优质的气象因子优化方案。【结果】结果显示，中国不同苹果产区的果实品质与气象因子之间存在一定的相关性。果实品质与气象因子的偏最小二乘回归的模型分析表明，生长季（4-10月）的平均温度、最低温度和最高温度对‘富士’苹果品质有正的模型效应和权重，其次是年平均温度、生长季日照百分率、昼夜温差和同期降水量；而全年总降水量和生长季（4-10月）的相对湿度对‘富士’苹果品质呈负效应。不同果实品质特性受气象因素的影响各异。果实可溶固形物含量依次受全年总降水量、生长季最低温度、生长季平均温度、生长季昼夜温差、年平均气温的影响。‘富士’苹果优质的气象因子优化方案为：年平均温度为5.5–18°C、年均降水量为602–1121 mm，生长季（4-10月）的平均温度、最低温度、最高温度、昼夜温差、总降水量、相对湿度和日照百分率分别为13.3-19.6°C、7.8-18.5°C、19.5°C、13.7°C、227 mm、57.5-84.0%和36.5-70.0%。【结论】气象因子影响‘富士’果实品质特性，优化方案可作为‘富士’苹果合理种植布局和提高品质的理论依据。
Cite this article:
ZHANG Qiang, ZHOU Bei-bei, LI Min-ji, WEI Qin-ping, HAN Zhen-hai. Multivariate analysis between meteorological factor and fruit quality of Fuji apple at different locations in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1338-1347.
Gene cloning and expression analyses of WBC genes in the developing grapevine seeds
TANG Yu-jin, WANG Qian, XUE Jing-yi, LI Yan, LI Rui-min, Steve Van Nocker, WANG Yue-jin, ZHANG Chao-hong
白褐复合体转运蛋白（WBC, white-brown complex transporters）也叫做半分子腺苷三磷酸结合盒G转运蛋白（ABCG, ATP Binding Cassette G transporters）参与种子发育等多个生物过程。但是目前为止葡萄中关于WBC转运蛋白的相关研究还很少。为了揭示WBCs基因的分子特征以及WBCs与葡萄假单性结实性状的关系，我们对葡萄基因组中WBCs基因进行鉴定并做了胚珠相关表达分析。结果显示葡萄基因组中有30个VvWBC基因并克隆得到其中20个基因的全长cDNAs序列。组织器官特异表达分析结果表明一些VvWBC基因具有组织特异性，而另一些却没有，12个VvWBC基因在发育的胚珠中表达，而且实时定量PCR的结果显示其中4个基因在有核与假单性结实无核葡萄胚珠发育过程中的表达模式有很大差异，这4个基因可能参与胚珠败育。同时，我们对VvWBC基因进行了染色体定位分析，多序列比对，内含子/外显子结构分析与同线性分析。我们的实验为假单性结实无核机理的研究提供了一个新视角，并为WBC的进一步研究提供了框架。
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TANG Yu-jin, WANG Qian, XUE Jing-yi, LI Yan, LI Rui-min, Steve Van Nocker, WANG Yue-jin, ZHANG Chao-hong. Gene cloning and expression analyses of WBC genes in the developing grapevine seeds. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1348-1359.
Gas exchange and water relations of young potted loquat cv. Algerie under progressive drought conditions
A. Stellfeldt, M. A. Maldonado, J. J. Hueso, J. Cuevas
Relationships between plant water status and gas exchange parameters at increasing levels of water stress were determined in Algerie loquats which grown in 50 I pots. Changes in soil water content and stem water potential and their effects on stomatal conductance (Gs) and net photosynthesis (Pn) rate were followed in control plants and in plants without irrigation until the latter reached near permanent wilting point and some leaf abscission took place. Then, the irrigation was restarted and the comparison repeated. Soil water content and stem water potential gradually diminished in response to drought reaching the minimum values of 0.9 mm and –5.0 MPa, respectively, 9 days after watering suspension. Compromised plant water status had drastic effects on Gs values that dropped by 97% in the last day of the drought period. Pn was diminished by 80% at the end of the drought period. The increasing levels of water stress did not cause a steady increase in leaf temperature in non-irrigated plants. Non-irrigated plants wilted and lost some leaves due to the severity of the water stress. However, all non-irrigated plants survived and reached similar Pn than control plants just a week after the irrigation was restarted, confirming drought tolerance of loquat and suggesting that photosynthesis machinery remained intact.
Cite this article:
A. Stellfeldt, M. A. Maldonado, J. J. Hueso, J. Cuevas. Gas exchange and water relations of young potted loquat cv. Algerie under progressive drought conditions. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1360-1368.
Quantifying muskmelon fruit attributes with A-TEP-based model and machine vision measurement
CHANG Li-ying, HE San-peng, LIU Qian, XIANG Jia-lin, HUANG Dan-feng
In this study, we established a dynamic morphological model using the accumulated thermal effectiveness and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) (A-TEP), aiming to explore the relationship between muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit attributes and environmental factors. Muskmelon surface color was described by parameters of red, green, blue, hue, saturation and brightness (HSI). Three characteristic parameters, gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), angular second moment (ASM), entropy, contrast, and the coverage rate were used to describe the process of muskmelon fruit netting formation. ASM was not significant difference during muskmelon fruit growth. The number and deep of netting stripes gradually increased with fruit growth. Coverage rate increased rapidly for 15–30 d after pollination. The vertical and horizontal diameters of muskmelon fruit were followed a logistic curve. And root mean squared errors (RMSE) between the simulated and measured vertical and horizontal diameters were 3.527 and 4.696 mm, respectively. RMSE of red, green, blue, saturation and brightness were 0.999, 2.690, 2.992, 0.033 and 5.51, respectively, and the RMSE for entropy, contrast and coverage rates were 0.077, 0.063 and 0.015, respectively, indicating a well consistent between measured and simulated values.
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CHANG Li-ying, HE San-peng, LIU Qian, XIANG Jia-lin, HUANG Dan-feng. Quantifying muskmelon fruit attributes with A-TEP-based model and machine vision measurement. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1369-1379.
Plant Protection
A study on the pathogen species and physiological races of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi, China
山西番茄枯萎病致病菌种及生理小种研究
CHANG Yin-dong, DU Bin, WANG Ling, JI Pei, XIE Yu-jie, LI Xin-feng, LI Zhi-gang, WANG Jian-ming
为明确引发山西省番茄枯萎病的主要病原菌种类，本试验对从山西省17个市县番茄枯萎病罹病植株中分离纯化获得的105株镰孢菌单孢菌株，采用形态学鉴定方法、EF-1α序列分析法、特异性引物扩增和致病性测定相结合的方法，对引起山西番茄枯萎病的致病菌种类进行研究。通过形态学鉴定，共鉴定出7种镰孢菌，分别为尖孢镰孢菌、茄病镰孢菌、轮枝镰孢菌、胶孢镰孢菌、厚垣镰孢菌、拟枝孢镰孢菌和半裸镰孢菌。运用尖孢镰孢菌特异性引物和尖孢镰孢菌番茄专化型生理小种特异性引物，共检测出56株尖孢镰孢菌，其中有29株1号生理小种，5株2号生理小种和6株3号生理小种。致病性测定表明尖孢镰孢菌、茄病镰孢菌、轮枝镰孢菌和胶孢镰孢菌对番茄植株致病性显著。结论，山西番茄枯萎病的致病菌种类有4种，分别为尖孢镰孢菌、茄病镰孢菌、轮枝镰孢菌和胶孢镰孢菌，其中尖孢镰孢菌分离频率最高，为53.3%；尖孢镰孢菌番茄专化型在山西有3个生理小种，分别为1号、2号和3号生理小种，其中2号生理小种致病性最强，1号生理小种分布最广，为山西优势小种。
Cite this article:
CHANG Yin-dong, DU Bin, WANG Ling, JI Pei, XIE Yu-jie, LI Xin-feng, LI Zhi-gang, WANG Jian-ming. A study on the pathogen species and physiological races of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1380-1390.
Carbendazim sensitivity in populations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex infecting strawberry and yams in Hubei Province of China
侵染湖北草莓和山药的胶孢炭疽复合种群体对多菌灵的敏感性
HAN Yong-chao, ZENG Xiang-guo, XIANG Fa-yun, ZHANG Qing-hua, GUO Cong, CHEN Feng-ying, GU Yu-chen
【目的】胶孢炭疽菌属子囊菌亚门，能够侵染多种植物引起炭疽病，是一种全球分布的毁灭性真菌。自30多年前多菌灵引入我国以来就被广泛应用于植物炭疽病的防治，目前已有抗药性的报道。研究胶孢炭病群体的多菌灵敏感性对制定合理病害防策略具有重要意义。【方法】从湖北地区感染炭疽病的草莓和山药植株上分离得到125个炭疽菌菌株，分别测定了这些菌株在多菌灵含量为0、1.0、5.0、50.0和100.0 μg ml-1的PDA平板上的菌丝生长速度。以1μg ml-1作为敏感和中抗的鉴定剂量，50μg ml-1作为中抗和高抗的鉴定剂量，对这些菌株的多菌灵抗性水平进行分类。【结果】在所测试的炭疽菌菌株中，约52.8%的菌株对多菌灵表现出抗药性。参加测试的炭疽菌包含4个种，不同种间的抗性菌株频率存在显著差异。所有检测到的抗药性菌株均属于暹罗刺盘孢和果生刺盘孢，然而属于胶孢炭疽和隐秘炭疽的所有菌株均对多菌灵敏感。在多菌灵高抗菌株中，β-维管蛋白基因（β-tubulin 2，TUB2）第198位氨基酸由谷氨酸突变为丙氨酸；在多菌灵中抗菌株中，TUB2基因第200位氨基酸由苯丙氨酸突变为酪氨酸。系统进化分析结果显示多菌灵敏感菌株不能形成一个单独类群与抗性菌株分开。【结论】湖北地区草莓和山药炭疽菌群体对多菌灵的抗药性频率高，不同种类炭疽菌的抗药性频率存在明显差异。【创新性】本研究结果强调了在制定病害控制策略时，明病原种类的重要性。
Cite this article:
HAN Yong-chao, ZENG Xiang-guo, XIANG Fa-yun, ZHANG Qing-hua, GUO Cong, CHEN Feng-ying, GU Yu-chen. Carbendazim sensitivity in populations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex infecting strawberry and yams in Hubei Province of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1391-1400.
In field control of Botrytis cinerea by synergistic action of a fungicideand organic sanitizer
Fatima Ayoub, Najwa Ben oujji, Mohamed Ayoub, Athman Hafidi, Rachid Salghi, Shehdeh Jodeh
A new Integrated Pest Management program based on the combination of synthetic pesticide with a GRAS (generally recognized as safe)-classified sanitizer for the control of Botrytis cinerea in field conditions was described. The aim behind this research was to determine whether the use of this mixture would enhance the efficiency of pesticides while decreasing the recommended dose. Naturally infected tomato plants, grown in the greenhouse, were treated with two commonly used fungicides SWITCH (Syngenta, Switzerland) and SIGNUM (BASF, Germany) each alone or combined with a commercially available organic sanitizer PERACLEAN®5 (Evonik Industries, Germany). A total of 27 treatments were tested consisting of three concentrations of synthetic fungicide (×1, ×1/2 and ×1/4 of the recommended dose) either applied separately or combined with three concentrations of the tested sanitizer (0.5, 1 and 1.5%). The control efficacy achieved by the fungicides applied alone ranged between 0 and 66.7% while all fungicide-sanitizer mixtures resulted in up to 70% control of grey mould. The treatment that provides the maximum control of B. cinerea was the result mixture of ×1/4 of the recommended concentration of SWITCH (15 g L-1) with 0.5% of PERACLEAN®5. This combination suppressed 85% of grey mold infections while decreasing the usually used amount of this pesticide by 75%, reducing therefore the well known negative impacts of chemical pesticides on environment and consumers health.
Cite this article:
Fatima Ayoub, Najwa Ben oujji, Mohamed Ayoub, Athman Hafidi, Rachid Salghi, Shehdeh Jodeh. In field control of Botrytis cinerea by synergistic action of a fungicideand organic sanitizer. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1401-1408.
Ultrastructure of the sensilla on antennae and mouthparts of larval and adult Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
小菜蛾幼虫和成虫触角及口器感器超微结构
LI Yi-ping, DU Xiao, LIU Fang-fang, LI Yin, LIU Tong-xian
小菜蛾是一种重要的世界性农业害虫。本研究使用扫描电镜观察了小菜蛾幼虫和成虫触角及口器的感器形态。幼虫触角有六种锥形感器、两种刺形感器和一种栓锥形感器；幼虫的口器有六种感器：刺形感器、指形感器、内唇感器、锥形感器、栓锥形感器和板形感器。在小菜蛾雄性成虫触角上发现了七种感器，小菜蛾雌性成虫触角发现了六种感器，缺少锥形感器。成虫触角感器在种类、数量等方面发现存在性二型现象。首次描述了小菜蛾成虫口器上的五种感器类型。研究为进一步明确昆虫感器的功能和了解害虫防治的行为机制提供有用的参考价值。
Cite this article:
LI Yi-ping, DU Xiao, LIU Fang-fang, LI Yin, LIU Tong-xian. Ultrastructure of the sensilla on antennae and mouthparts of larval and adult Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1409-1420.
Agro-ecosystem & Environment
Reducing nitrogen fertilization of intensive kiwifruit orchards decreases nitrate accumulation in soil without compromising crop production
LU Yong-li, KANG Ting-ting, GAO Jing-bo, CHEN Zhu-jun, ZHOU Jian-bin
氮肥过量施用在经济价值较高的园艺作物上是一个十分普遍的现象。过量施用氮肥不仅增加了农民的经济负担，而且对作物的生长及环境质量均带来了一些负面的影响。通过在陕西省猕猴桃主产区周至县俞家河小流域开展连续3年（2013~2015）的田间定位试验研究了减量施氮对猕猴桃氮素吸收、果实产量、品质以及土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响。试验共设3个处理：农民常规施氮（CF-U）（施氮量为900 kg N ha-1，肥料种类为尿素）、减量施氮Ⅰ（-N-U）（在CF-U的基础上，2013年和2014年减量25%，2015年减量45%，肥料种类为尿素）和减量施氮Ⅱ（-N-CRU）（施氮量同-N-U处理，肥料种类为控释尿素）。结果表明，与CF-U处理相比，氮肥用量减少25%和45%（-N-U和-N-CRU）对猕猴桃叶片、枝条氮含量和果实品质均无显著影响，但显著增加了氮肥的偏生产力（PFPN）和果农的经济收益。同时，0-200 cm土层土壤硝态氮的累积量也明显减少。与-N-U相比较，-N-CRU处理明显减少了硝态氮的淋溶损失。在农民习惯施肥的基础上，氮肥用量减少25%~45%，未降低猕猴桃产量，但减少土壤氮素的累积与损失，说明当前研究区猕猴桃果园氮肥过量问题依然比较突出。
Cite this article:
LU Yong-li, KANG Ting-ting, GAO Jing-bo, CHEN Zhu-jun, ZHOU Jian-bin. Reducing nitrogen fertilization of intensive kiwifruit orchards decreases nitrate accumulation in soil without compromising crop production. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1421-1431.
Soil microbial characteristics and yield response to partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic amendments in greenhouse vegetable production
有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式对设施蔬菜土壤微生物量碳氮、酶活性和微生物群落结构的影响
RONG Qin-lei, LI Ruo-nan, HUANG Shao-wen, TANG Ji-wei, ZHANG Yan-cai, WANG Li-ying
设施蔬菜栽培作为一种高强度、集约化的生产方式，具有高肥料投入、高复种植指数和高温高湿环境等的特点，使得设施菜田土壤中参与调控养分循环的土壤微生物与露地栽培差异较大。因此，深入了解设施菜田土壤微生物活性和群落组成变化及其对设施蔬菜养分管理措施的响应十分必要。本文利用河北省石家庄基地6年日光温室蔬菜有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式定位试验，研究有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式对设施蔬菜土壤微生物量碳氮、酶活性和微生物群落结构及产量的影响。定位试验设5个处理，分别为全部施用化肥氮（4/4CN），3/4化肥氮+1/4猪粪氮（3/4CN+1/4MN），2/4化肥氮+2/4猪粪氮（2/4CN+2/4MN），2/4化肥氮+1/4猪粪氮+1/4秸秆氮（2/4CN+1/4MN+1/4SN），2/4化肥氮+2/4秸秆氮（2/4CN+2/4SN），所有处理等氮等磷等钾。结果表明，从第四茬起配施秸秆模式产量最佳，第四茬-第九茬蔬菜配施秸秆模式产量较4/4化肥N模式和配施猪粪模式分别平均增加7.5%和5.8%。有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量均高于4/4化肥N模式，分别平均增加66.5%和72.4%，其中配施秸秆模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于配施猪粪模式。有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式显著增加参与C、N和P循环的土壤酶活性，较4/4化肥N模式增加16.3%-752.6%，其中配施秸秆模式土壤酶活性高于配施猪粪模式，增加27.3%-552.1%。有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式总体上均能增加土壤微生物PLFA总量及土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌摩尔百分比含量，较4/4化肥N模式分别平均增加35.4%、38.6%、212.0%和103.2%。磷酸单酯酶、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和脲酶活性以及真菌、放线菌和革兰氏阴性菌的相对丰度与蔬菜产量呈显著正相关。冗余分析结果显示，土壤微生物量碳分别可以解释土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构总变异的89.5%和52.3%，表明由有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式导致的土壤微生物量碳含量变化改变了土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构组成，并影响了蔬菜产量。综合考虑有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式对改善设施土壤微生物特性和提高蔬菜产量的作用及实际可行性，秸秆、猪粪与化肥三者配施模式（2/4CN+1/4MN+1/4SN）是设施蔬菜持续高产施肥模式。
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RONG Qin-lei, LI Ruo-nan, HUANG Shao-wen, TANG Ji-wei, ZHANG Yan-cai, WANG Li-ying. Soil microbial characteristics and yield response to partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic amendments in greenhouse vegetable production. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1432-1444.
Long-term grazing exclusion influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their association with vegetation in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, China
CHEN Xue-jiao, LIN Qi-mei, ZHAO Xiao-rong, CHEN Hao, WEN Jing, LI Ying, LI Gui-tong
目前，关于长期围栏对丛枝菌根（AM）真菌生长的影响及其与地上部植物的关系还不甚清楚。本研究以内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原1983、1996年围封样地和自由放牧样地为研究对象，调查了植物生长季（5-9月份）土壤理化性质、AM真菌、植物地上部生物量和吸磷量。结果表明，与自由放牧相比，长期围栏使AM真菌孢子密度、菌丝长度和菌根侵染率，以及土壤碱性磷酸酶活性分别最多可增加300%、168%、110%和102%，但却削弱了它们在各季节间的差异。围栏条件下，植物地上部生物量和磷含量分别增加了75-992%和58-645%，显著高于自由放牧样地。总体而言，AM真菌侵染率、孢子密度和菌丝长度与植物地上部生物量和磷吸收量呈显著的正相关关系，表明长期围栏可能通过促进AM真菌的生长，进一步影响地上部植物的生长。AM真菌的孢子密度可作为反映内蒙古典型草原围封对其影响的重要指标。
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CHEN Xue-jiao, LIN Qi-mei, ZHAO Xiao-rong, CHEN Hao, WEN Jing, LI Ying, LI Gui-tong. Long-term grazing exclusion influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their association with vegetation in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1445-1453.
Agricultural Economics and Management
Factors influencing hybrid maize farmers’ risk attitudes and their perceptions in Punjab Province, Pakistan
Shoaib Akhtar, LI Gu-cheng, Raza Ullah, Adnan Nazir, Muhammad Amjed Iqbal, Muhammad Haseeb Raza, Nadeem Iqbal, Muhammad Faisal
Hybrid maize farmers have to face diverse kinds of climate, biological, price and financial risks. Farmers’ risk perceptions and risk attitudes are essential elements influencing farm operations and management decisions. However, this important issue has been overlooked in the contemporary studies and therefore there is a dearth of literature on this important issue. The present research is therefore, an attempt to fill this gap. This study aims to quantify hybrid maize farmers’ perceptions of disastrous risks, their attitudes towards risk and to explore the impacts of various farm and farm household factors on farmers’ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The present study is conducted in four hybrid maize growing districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan, using cross-sectional data of 400 hybrid maize farmers. Risk matrix and equally likely certainty equivalent (ELCE) method are used to rank farmers’ perceptions of four catastrophic risk sources including climate, biological, price and financial risks and to investigate farmers’ risk aversion attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, probit regression is used to analyze the determinants affecting farmers’ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The results of the study showed that majority of farmers are risk averse in nature and perceive price, biological and climate to be potential sources of risks to their farm enterprise. In addition, analysis divulges that distance from farm to main market, off-farm income, location dummies for Sahiwal and Okara, age, maize farming experience, access to extension agent, significantly (either negatively or positively) influence farmers’ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The study delivers valuable insights for farmers, agricultural insurance sector, extension services researchers and agricultural policy makers about the local understanding of risks to hybrid maize crop in developing countries, like Pakistan, and have implications for research on farmers’ adaptation to exposed risks.
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Shoaib Akhtar, LI Gu-cheng, Raza Ullah, Adnan Nazir, Muhammad Amjed Iqbal, Muhammad Haseeb Raza, Nadeem Iqbal, Muhammad Faisal. Factors influencing hybrid maize farmers’ risk attitudes and their perceptions in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1454-1462.
Improve access to the EU market by identifying French consumer preference for fresh fruit from China
通过研究法国消费者的偏好来提高中国生鲜水果进入欧洲市场的机会
WANG Er-peng, Zhifeng Gao, Yan Heng
尽管已有大量文献研究了发达国家农产品的原产国效应，然而对发展中国家农产品的原产国效应却少有研究。本文利用法国消费者的微观调查数据，研究了法国消费者对产自中国的新鲜水果的质量感知与消费偏好。有序的Logit模型结果显示，法国消费者认为产自中国的水果整体质量与安全程度低；那些关注原产国信息的消费者更不愿意购买中国产水果，但是那些关注品牌的消费者更愿意购买中国水果；安全风险感知和质量感知对中国产水果的购买意愿都有显著影响。潜类模型也显示不同消费群体的消费偏好存在显著的异质性。本研究为中国及其他发展国家有效实施在发达国家农产品市场渗透的提供了重要信息。
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WANG Er-peng, Zhifeng Gao, Yan Heng. Improve access to the EU market by identifying French consumer preference for fresh fruit from China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2018, 17(06): 1463-1474.
Journal of Integrative Agriculture
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