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Crop Science
Identification and genetic analysis of multiple P chromosomes of Agropyron cristatum in the background of common wheat
普通小麦背景下多条冰草P染色体的检测及遗传分析
CHEN Hong-xin, HAN Hai-ming, LI Qing-feng, ZHANG Jin-peng, LU Yu-qing, YANG Xin-ming, LI Xiu-quan, LIU Wei-hua, LI Li-hui
作为小麦的野生近缘种，冰草具有许多可供改良小麦的优异基因，如抗寒、抗旱及抗病。为转移与利用这些优异基因，我们对两份小麦-冰草衍生后代II-13和II-23进行了鉴定与分析。GISH结果表明，两份材料的根尖细胞染色体数均为2n=44，但是分别携带4条和6条冰草染色体。幼穗花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I外源P染色体均正常配对，2n=22II，表明II-13和II-23分别含两对和三对P染色体。以pAs1和pSc119.2为探针的荧光原位杂交结合小麦染色体特异SSR标记检测显示，II-13缺失一对7D染色体，II-23缺少了小麦的7A和4B染色体。以冰草特异序列pAcTRT1和pAcpCR2为探针的荧光原位杂交结合冰草特异EST-STS标记检测表明，II-13携带的P染色体为2P、7P，II-23所含的3对外源染色体分别为2P、4P、7P。上述结果表明，II-13为7D（7P）二体代换+2P二体附加系，II-23为4B（4P）、7A（7P）双重代换+2P二体附加系。经过回交，共筛选出6个异源二体附加系和5个异源二体代换系。新材料的获得为进一步利用冰草的优异基因奠定了基础。
Cite this article:
CHEN Hong-xin, HAN Hai-ming, LI Qing-feng, ZHANG Jin-peng, LU Yu-qing, YANG Xin-ming, LI Xiu-quan, LIU Wei-hua, LI Li-hui. 2018. Identification and genetic analysis of multiple P chromosomes of Agropyron cristatum in the background of common wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1697-1705.
Influence of protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten on end-use quality in Korean wheat cultivars
Seong-Woo Cho, Chon-Sik Kang, Hyeon Seok Ko, Byung-Kee Baik, Kwang-Min Cho, Chul Soo Park
The effects of protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten on end-use quality in 13 Korean wheat cultivars for three years were verified in this study. Year, cultivar, and the interaction between the year and the cultivar influenced protein characteristics, the proportion of gluten except for γ- and ω-gliadin using RP-HPLC (reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography), and end-use quality. Protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten in Korean wheat cultivars were between those of Australian standard white (ASW) and hard wheat (AH). Korean wheat cultivars exhibited a higher average α+β gliadin proportion than imported wheat, a γ-gliadin proportion similar to that of dark northern spring wheat, and the same ω-gliadin proportion as AH. They showed a bread-loaf volume intermediate between those of ASW and AH and a texture of cooked noodles similar to that of soft white wheat, but less springiness than imported wheat. The cookie diameter of Korean wheat cultivars was similar to that of hard red winter wheat. There was a correlation between bread-loaf volume and protein characteristics, except for the protein content in Korean wheat cultivars. Springiness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles were not correlated with protein characteristics, while hardness was correlated with the protein content and water absorption of a mixograph. Cookie diameter was negatively correlated with the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume and water absorption of a mixograph. The end-use quality was not correlated with any proportion of gluten composition. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the proportion of gluten was not related to the quality of the bread (both PCs, 81.3%), noodle (77.7%), and cookie (82.4%). PCA explained that Keumkang is suitable for superior bread, while Uri is good for cooked noodles and cookies.
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Seong-Woo Cho, Chon-Sik Kang, Hyeon Seok Ko, Byung-Kee Baik, Kwang-Min Cho, Chul Soo Park. 2018. Influence of protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten on end-use quality in Korean wheat cultivars. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1706-1719.
Development of EST-PCR markers specific to the long arm of chromosome 6V of Dasypyrum villosum
基于EST-PCR的簇毛麦6V染色体长臂特异分子标记开发
SUN Hao-jie, SONG Jing-jing, XIAO Jin, XU Tao, WEI Xing, YUAN Chun-xia, CAO Ai-zhong, XING Li-ping, WANG Hai-yan, WANG Xiu-e
基于EST-PCR的外源染色体特异分子标记不仅能够检测小麦背景中的外源染色体，而且可以用于研究染色体间的部分同源群关系。为开发高密度、均匀分布的簇毛麦染色体6VL特异分子标记，本研究根据定位于小麦第六部分同源群染色体 (6A、6B、6D) 不同区段的表达序列标签 (Expressed Sequence Tag，EST) 序列，利用Primer 3.0软件在线设计了297对EST-PCR引物，对中国春、簇毛麦、硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体、小麦-簇毛麦1V-7V二体异附加系、T6AS·6VL和T6AL·6VS易位系进行扩增，筛选可以特异追踪簇毛麦6VL不同区段的分子标记。共筛选出6V染色体的特异分子标记32个，多态率为10.77%；其中位于6VL上的特异分子标记31个，位于6VS上的特异分子标记1个。本研究开发的6V染色体特异分子标记将为6V染色体结构变异体鉴定和有益基因的分子标记辅助选择提供有效工具。
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SUN Hao-jie, SONG Jing-jing, XIAO Jin, XU Tao, WEI Xing, YUAN Chun-xia, CAO Ai-zhong, XING Li-ping, WANG Hai-yan, WANG Xiu-e. 2018. Development of EST-PCR markers specific to the long arm of chromosome 6V of Dasypyrum villosum. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1720-1726.
Identification of novel soybean oil content-related genes using QTLbased collinearity analysis from the collective soybean genome
基于基因组的大豆油分QTL共线性分析与候选基因的鉴定
XU Ming-yue, LIU Zhang-xiong, QIN Hong-tao, QI Hui-dong, WANG Zhong-yu, MAO Xin-rui, XIN Dawei, HU Zhen-bang, WU Xiao-xia, JIANG Hong-wei, QI Zhao-ming, CHEN Qing-shan
大豆是全球食用植物油的主要来源。随着在基因组中定位到的与大豆油分相关的数量性状座位（QTLs）越来越多，迫切需要建立一个对这些QTLs进行分类的系统。一个共线的平台可能有助于表示和鉴定QTL之间的关系和挖掘新型基因。本文将大豆油分相关QTLs映射到基于MCXcanX软件和大豆基因组集团构建的共线性区块上。结果表明：在大豆基因组的20条染色体中共分析获得666个共线性区块，在收集到的242个油分相关QTLs中有231个QTLs完成了共线关系构建，共包含521个共线性关系。其中，包含关系的有214个，相交关系的有307个。这些大豆含油量相关的QTLs之间存在的共线性关系最多的横跨了7条染色体，最少的只存在于一条染色体之间，大多数QTLs横跨两条染色体。并对存在共线性关系的大豆油分相关QTLs的重叠热点区间进行基因挖掘。总的来说，确定了23个与大豆含油量相关的功能基因并利用注释数据库对其进行注释。本研究为阐明大豆含油量相关QTL的进化关系提供了一个有价值的框架，也为大豆含油量的功能标记和辅助育种奠定了基础。
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XU Ming-yue, LIU Zhang-xiong, QIN Hong-tao, QI Hui-dong, WANG Zhong-yu, MAO Xin-rui, XIN Dawei, HU Zhen-bang, WU Xiao-xia, JIANG Hong-wei, QI Zhao-ming, CHEN Qing-shan. 2018. Identification of novel soybean oil content-related genes using QTLbased collinearity analysis from the collective soybean genome. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1727-1735.
Silencing of OsXDH reveals the role of purine metabolism in dark tolerance in rice seedlings
OsXDH基因沉默揭示嘌呤代谢在水稻苗期暗胁迫中的作用
HAN Rui-cai, Adnan Rasheed, WANG Yu-peng, WU Zhi-feng, TANG Shuang-qin, PAN xiao-hua, SHI Qing-hua, WU Zi-ming
黄嘌呤脱氢酶(Xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH)是嘌呤代谢中的关键酶。以黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH)干扰株系(xdh3和xdh4)及受体品种日本晴(WT)为材料，研究了暗胁迫及叶面喷施尿囊素等处理对水稻叶绿素含量、生物量、XDH酶活性、酰脲类物质(尿囊素和尿囊酸)合成及活性氧代谢等生理生化指标的影响。结果表明，正常生长条件下XDH干扰株系的叶绿素含量、鲜重以及干重与野生型无显著差异，XDH酶的活性及其下游代谢产物酰脲类物质的含量均显著低于野生型；暗胁迫6d后，XDH干扰株系叶绿素含量、鲜重以及干重均显著低于野生型，而O2-的产生速率及MDA的含量均显著高于野生型；与暗胁迫处理相比，暗胁迫下叶面喷施尿囊素XDH干扰株系和野生型的叶绿素含量、鲜重及干重均有所提高，O2-的产生速率和MDA含量降低，干扰株系植株的各项生理指标与野生型之间的差异减小，说明水稻OsXDH基因表达量的下降减弱了水稻幼苗对暗胁迫的耐受能力，喷施尿囊素可有效降低其对暗胁迫的敏感性。结果表明黄嘌呤脱氢酶可通过介导嘌呤代谢进程调控水稻幼苗对暗胁迫的耐受能力。
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HAN Rui-cai, Adnan Rasheed, WANG Yu-peng, WU Zhi-feng, TANG Shuang-qin, PAN xiao-hua, SHI Qing-hua, WU Zi-ming. 2018. Silencing of OsXDH reveals the role of purine metabolism in dark tolerance in rice seedlings. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1736-1744.
How plant density affects maize spike differentiation, kernel set, and grain yield formation in Northeast China?
种植密度对东北春玉米穗分化、籽粒发育与产量形成的影响
ZHANG Ming, CHEN Tao, Hojatollah Latifmanesh, FENG Xiao-min, CAO Tie-hua, QIAN Chun-rong, DENG Ai-xing, SONG Zhen-wei, ZHANG Wei-jian
本研究通过2年大田定位试验，以中单909（ZD909）、吉单209（JD209）以及内单4号（ND4）为供试品种，设置4.50万株/公顷（D1）、6.75万株/公顷（D2）、9.00万株/公顷（D3）、11.25万株/公顷（D4）以及13.50万株/公顷（D5）等5个密度处理，评价了种植密度对东北春玉米雌雄穗分化、开花-吐丝间隔以及产量形成的影响。结果表明：种植密度对春玉米雌雄穗分化的起始时间无显著影响，但高密度推迟了春玉米穗分化进程，导致开花-吐丝间隔（ASI）显著延长，与D1处理相比，ZD909、JD209和ND4随着种植密度的增加ASI分别延长1.2~2.9天、0.7~4.2天以及0.5-3.7天；不同品种的雌穗小花总数、吐丝小花数以及吐丝小花所占比例呈随着种植密度增加而略微下降的趋势，但单穗籽粒总数下降显著，与D1处理相比，ZD909、JD209和ND4随着种植密度增加单穗籽粒总数分别降低了11.0~44.9%、2.0~32.6%以及9.7~28.3%；此外，ZD909显示出较强的耐密植性能，随着种植密度的增加，其百粒重的下降趋势低于JD209和ND4；ZD909在9.00万株/公顷的种植密度下获得最高产量13.7吨/公顷，而JD209和ND4在6.75万株/公顷种植密度下获得最高产量，分别为11.7吨/公顷和10.2吨/公顷。综上所述，不同玉米品种对密植的响应存在差异，选择具有低ASI、高单穗小花总数以及相对稳定百粒重的玉米品种有利于实现东北春玉米的密植增产。
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ZHANG Ming, CHEN Tao, Hojatollah Latifmanesh, FENG Xiao-min, CAO Tie-hua, QIAN Chun-rong, DENG Ai-xing, SONG Zhen-wei, ZHANG Wei-jian. 2018. How plant density affects maize spike differentiation, kernel set, and grain yield formation in Northeast China?. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1745-1757.
Horticulture
Fatty acid analysis in the seeds of 50 Paeonia ostii individuals from the same population
同一居群50个杨山牡丹不同单株牡丹籽油脂肪酸成分分析
WEI Xiao-bao, XUE Jing-qi, WANG Shun-li, XUE Yu-qian, LIN Huan, SHAO Xing-feng, XU Dong-hui, ZHANG Xiu-xin
牡丹种子富含α亚麻酸（ALA），而牡丹籽油也正在国内规模化生产。杨山牡丹（Paeonia ostii）是目前应用最广的油用牡丹种，已被当做一个独立的品种，统称‘凤丹’。本研究从中国北方地区同一居群随机选取了50个杨山牡丹单株，分析了不同单株的脂肪酸成分及含量。结果显示，从上述单株中共分离得到13种脂肪酸，其中含量最高的前五类分别是软脂酸（5.31–6.99%）、硬脂酸（1.22–2.76%）、油酸（18.78–28.15%）、亚油酸（11.86–26.10%）和α亚麻酸（41.11–57.51%）。不同脂肪酸类型及含量在不同单株之间存在显著性差异，尤其是48号单株的亚油酸含量，甚至超过了群体1-99%的置信范围。进一步的统计分析发现，大多数不同类脂肪酸含量，包括饱和脂肪酸总量、不饱和脂肪酸总量以及总脂肪酸含量等，相互之间均存在显著正相关，而单株的种子产量则与上述指标均不相关。沃德层次聚类（Ward’s hierarchical clustering）结果将本研究中的50个单株根据脂肪酸含量及种子产量归为了四类，其中第四类中的7个单株可以作为优选的油用牡丹优良单株。本研究结果确认了在杨山牡丹中，不同单株之间确实存在个体差异性，而‘凤丹’也不应该被简单的认为是一个性状统一的品种。同时，本研究结果可以作为简化油用牡丹育种过程的依据，并加速该产业发展。
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WEI Xiao-bao, XUE Jing-qi, WANG Shun-li, XUE Yu-qian, LIN Huan, SHAO Xing-feng, XU Dong-hui, ZHANG Xiu-xin. 2018. Fatty acid analysis in the seeds of 50 Paeonia ostii individuals from the same population. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1758-1767.
Enhancement of the transfection efficiency of DNA into Crocus sativus L. cells via PEI nanoparticles
Behnam Firoozi, Nasser Zare, Omid Sofalian, Parisa Sheikhzade-Mosadegh
Over the past decade, several natural and synthetic cationic polymers have been utilized for gene delivery into cells. Among them, polyethylenimine (PEI) was used for gene therapy successfully. The present study investigated the effect of PEI and ultrasound waves on ssDNA delivery into saffron cells. Gel retardation, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assays were employed to determine the physicochemical properties of PEI/f-DNA polyplex (complex of PEI and fluorescently labeled DNA). Moreover, the cytotoxicity of PEI, PEI/f-DNA polyplex and ultrasound were investigated on saffron cells at different concentrations. The gel retardation results indicated that the formation and neutralization of the PEI/f-DNA polyplex were completed at N/P=5. The particle size distribution of the polyplexes was from 50 to 122 nm. The experimental results revealed that the cytotoxicity of the PEI/f-DNA polyplex was lower than that of PEI alone, hence the cells showed both dose- and exposure duration-dependent responses. Furthermore, the viability of saffron cells declined extremely after 5 and 10 min sonication but this reduction was not significant at 2 min exposure duration. The results also indicated that the combined utilization of ultrasound and PEI nanoparticles increased the transfection efficiency of saffron cells up to two times higher than those obtained by PEI or ultrasound separately.
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Behnam Firoozi, Nasser Zare, Omid Sofalian, Parisa Sheikhzade-Mosadegh. 2018. Enhancement of the transfection efficiency of DNA into Crocus sativus L. cells via PEI nanoparticles. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1768-1778.
Plant Protection
Population genetic structure of Chinese Puccinia triticina races based on multi-locus sequences
LIU Tai-guo, GE Run-jing, MA Yu-tong, LIU Bo, GAO Li, CHEN Wan-quan
Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust, is one of the most devastating rust fungi attacking wheat worldwide. Seventy-six isolates of the wheat leaf rust pathogen from Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu and Henan provinces, China, were tested on wheat leaf rust differentials and the population structure was analyzed using four presumably neutral partial sequence markers such as elongation factor-1α (EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-tubulin (TUB) and the second largest RNA polymerase subunit (RPB2). The phenotypic diversity of Yunnan and Sichuan populations was higher than that of Gansu and Henan populations. The four populations were separated into two clusters based on the pathogenic data. A total of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 32 haplotypes were identified among the four sequences. The 32 haplotypes were divided into two clusters in a neighbor-joining tree. Bayesian analyses also identified two clusters. Pairwise Fst between populations in different regions were significantly different (P<0.05). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 68% of the total genetic variation was within populations.
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LIU Tai-guo, GE Run-jing, MA Yu-tong, LIU Bo, GAO Li, CHEN Wan-quan. 2018. Population genetic structure of Chinese Puccinia triticina races based on multi-locus sequences. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1779-1789.
Genomic and transcriptomic insights into cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes involved in nicosulfuron tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.)
玉米对烟嘧磺隆耐性相关的细胞色素P450酶基因的基因组和转录组分析
LIU Xiao-min, XU Xian, LI Bing-hua, YAO Xiao-xia, ZHANG Huan-huan, WANG Gui-qi, HAN Yu-jun
【目的】探明细胞色素P450酶对玉米对烟嘧磺隆耐性的影响，为玉米田烟嘧磺隆的安全应用提供理论基础。【方法】利用室内生物测定的方法，明确了玉米对不同浓度烟嘧磺隆的剂量-效应反应，以及添加马拉硫磷后烟嘧磺隆对玉米生长的影响。对玉米基因组中的细胞色素P450酶基因进行生物信息学分析，利用转录组测序技术对耐性玉米自交系HBR以及敏感玉米自交系HBS在烟嘧磺隆处理前后差异表达的CYP基因进行分析，并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了部分CYP基因的表达变化。【结果】HBR及HBS对烟嘧磺隆的耐性差异显著，其对烟嘧磺隆的EC50值分别为763.6 g a.i./ha及5.9 g a.i./ha，相差130倍左右。施用马拉硫磷后，增加了烟嘧磺隆对HBR和HBS的毒害作用。玉米基因组中共包含314个细胞色素P450酶基因，A型和非A型2类，10个基因簇，44个基因家族。A型细胞色素P450基因由CYP71基因簇的168个基因组成，其隶属于17个基因家族。非A型细胞色素由其他9个基因簇，27个基因家族的146个基因构成。A型与非A型细胞色素P450酶的血红素蛋白结构域序列分别为“PFGXGRRXCPG”和“FXXGPRXCXG”。HBR、HBS及其在烟嘧磺隆处理前后共存在53个CYP差异表达基因，分为C1-C4四类，分别包含4、15、21和13个基因。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明，HBR和HBS体内6个CYP基因在烟嘧磺隆处理前后的表达变化与转录组测序结果一致。【结论】玉米自交系对烟嘧磺隆的耐性存在明显差异，细胞色素P450酶与玉米对烟嘧磺隆的耐性紧密相关。
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LIU Xiao-min, XU Xian, LI Bing-hua, YAO Xiao-xia, ZHANG Huan-huan, WANG Gui-qi, HAN Yu-jun. 2018. Genomic and transcriptomic insights into cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes involved in nicosulfuron tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1790-1799.
Automatic image segmentation method for cotton leaves with disease under natural environment
ZHANG Jian-hua, KONG Fan-tao, WU Jian-zhai, HAN Shu-qing, ZHAI Zhi-fen
为提高自然环境下的棉花病害叶片图像分割性能，提出了一种融合全局梯度与局部信息主动轮廓的病叶自动分割模型。首先，提出一个分段单调递减的边缘复合函数，加快梯度平滑区域水平集曲线演化速度；其次，将Canny边缘检测算子梯度作为全局信息引入模型中，在水平集函数演化过程中作为能量函数的引导信息，使其根据图像局部信息灵活引导曲线演化，得到了平滑闭合的边缘轮廓曲线，并且依据全局梯度信息控制水平集曲线演化的主要方向，有效克服了水平集函数演化的过程中极易陷入局部最小值现象；再次，在能量函数中引入Heaviside函数用于平滑活动轮廓，并增加了惩罚函数
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ZHANG Jian-hua, KONG Fan-tao, WU Jian-zhai, HAN Shu-qing, ZHAI Zhi-fen. 2018. Automatic image segmentation method for cotton leaves with disease under natural environment. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1800-1814.
The impact of allelochemicals on the differential expression of symbiotic bacteria in cotton aphids
植物次生物质对棉蚜共生菌差异表达的影响
LIU Ying, LIANG Ping-zhuo, LI Fen, MA Kang-sheng, CHEN Xue-wei, CHEN An-qi, LIANG Pei, GAO Xi-wu
昆虫在长期的生物进化过程中，对环境条件的胁迫已形成良好的适应机制。昆虫体内具有有效的代谢系统以抵御植物的次生物质。昆虫体内还含有多样的共生细菌，以增强其生存优势。本文以棉蚜为例，通过对转录组数据的分析，研究了四种植物次生物质诱导下共生细菌的表达差异。同时，研究了三种蚜虫中的共生细菌的种群构成及其在代谢通路水平上的功能分布。研究发现，共生细菌在蚜虫抵御植物次生物质及寄主的选择上具有重要的作用。本文从共生细菌的角度研究了蚜虫的环境适应机制，为害虫防控系统的发展及减少化学农药的使用提供一个新的研究方向。
Cite this article:
LIU Ying, LIANG Ping-zhuo, LI Fen, MA Kang-sheng, CHEN Xue-wei, CHEN An-qi, LIANG Pei, GAO Xi-wu. 2018. The impact of allelochemicals on the differential expression of symbiotic bacteria in cotton aphids. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1815-1821
Pyraclostrobin-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanospheres: Preparation and characteristics
吡唑醚菌酯聚乳酸-羟基乙酸纳米微球的制备及性能研究
YIN Ming-ming, ZHENG Yu, CHEN Fu-liang
以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）为载体，采用超声乳化-溶剂挥发法制备吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球，并对所制备的吡唑醚菌酯纳米微球进行理化性能及释放性能研究。在优化工艺条件下制备的纳米微球粒径0.6μm，载药量17.2%，包埋率89.7%。红外光谱数据及差示扫描量热分析图谱显示吡唑醚菌酯成功地包埋在载体PLGA中。光稳定性试验表明吡唑醚菌酯PLGA纳米微球抗紫外光的能力增强。微球释放性能研究结果表明粒径越小，微球释放速率越快；微球在弱酸弱碱的环境下，较中性下释放速率加快；震荡模式比静置下释放速率快。吡唑醚菌酯PLGA纳米微球的累积释放曲线拟合符合一级动力学方程和Weibull方程。
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YIN Ming-ming, ZHENG Yu, CHEN Fu-liang. 2018. Pyraclostrobin-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanospheres: Preparation and characteristics. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1822-1832.
Animal Science • Veterinary Medicine
The effects of step-wise improvement of forage combination in total mixed rations on fatty acid profile in the rumen and milk of Holstein cows
逐步优化全混合日粮中粗饲料组合对荷斯坦泌乳奶牛瘤胃和牛奶中脂肪酸组成的影响
BAI Sarvvl, CAO Zhi-jun, JIN Xin, WANG Ya-jing, YANG Hong-jian, LI Sheng-li
本文选用5头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物，采用5×5拉丁方试验设计研究了逐步优化全混合日粮（TMR）中粗饲料组合对瘤胃和牛奶中脂肪酸组成的影响。日粮精粗比例固定为61:39，粗饲料逐步优化处理组包括：TMR1组，选用玉米秸为唯一粗饲料；TMR2组，粗饲料由玉米秸和玉米秸黄贮组成；TMR3组，粗饲料由玉米秸黄贮和羊草组成；TMR4组，粗饲料由羊草和全株玉米青贮组成；TMR5组，粗饲料由羊草、全株玉米青贮和苜蓿干草组成。试验期内，所有TMR于每天07:00和19:00 h分2次进行饲喂，整个试验分5期完成，每期为18天。在每期的最后三天连续采集牛奶样品，并在第16天01:00、07:00、13:00、19:00，第17天03:00、09:00、15:00、21:00，第18天05:00、11:00、17:00和23:00进行昼夜瘤胃液样品的采集。结果表明，逐步优化粗饲料组合提高了日粮中能量与粗蛋白含量，同时降低了日粮中纤维的含量。随着粗饲料组合的逐步优化，奶牛干物质采食量与产奶量显著提高(P<0.05)。尽管粗饲料组合的逐步优化对日粮中棕榈酸（C16:0）、硬脂酸（C18:0）、油酸（C18:1cis-9）、亚油酸（C18:2n-6）及花生酸（C20:0）含量无显著影响，但显著提高了日粮亚麻酸（C18:3n-3）含量(P<0.05)。随着日粮粗饲料组合的逐步优化，瘤胃液中棕榈酸（C16:0）、亚油酸（C18:2n-6） 和亚麻酸（C18:3n-3）浓度随着它们进食量的增加而呈现线性增加 (P<0.10)。与此同时，逐步优化粗饲料组合提高了牛奶中癸酸（C10:0）、月桂酸（C12:0）、肉豆蔻酸（C14:0）、棕榈酸（C16:0）、亚油酸（C18:2n-6）及亚麻酸（C18:3n-3）含量 (P<0.10)，但显著降低了牛奶中硬脂酸（C18:0）和油酸（C18:1cis-9）含量 (P<0.05)。研究还发现，牛奶中棕榈酸（C16:0）、油酸（C18:1cis-9）、亚油酸（C18:2n-6）和亚麻酸（C18:3n-3）产量的增加与瘤胃液中相应脂肪酸含量增加之间呈现线性正相关（R≥0.79，P<0.05）。与此同时，牛奶中亚油酸（C18:2n-6）和亚麻酸（C18:3n-3）产量与相应日粮脂肪酸进食量呈现正相关（R2≥0.85, P<0.05）。随着粗饲料组合的逐步优化，日粮中亚油酸（C18:2n-6）和亚麻酸（C18:3n-3）在牛奶中的转化效率得到提高。综上所述，随着奶牛日粮中粗饲料组合的逐步优化，尽管日粮中亚油酸和亚麻酸在瘤胃中含量较低，但这些脂肪酸在瘤胃中的微生物氢化效率较低，继而导致牛奶中亚油酸和亚麻酸显著升高，这一研究结果为今后通过优化日粮粗饲料组合策略来提高牛奶中亚油酸和亚麻酸含量提供了理论与科学依据。
Cite this article:
BAI Sarvvl, CAO Zhi-jun, JIN Xin, WANG Ya-jing, YANG Hong-jian, LI Sheng-li. 2018. The effects of step-wise improvement of forage combination in total mixed rations on fatty acid profile in the rumen and milk of Holstein cows. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1833-1842.
iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals key pathways responsible for scurs in sheep (Ovis aries)
基于蛋白组学iTRAQ技术揭示绵羊畸形角的关键信号通路
HE Xiao-hong, CHEN Xiao-fei, PU Ya-bin, GUAN Wei-jun, SONG Shen, ZHAO Qian-jun, LI Xiang-chen, JIANG Lin, MA Yue-hui
畸形角是绵羊角的表型之一，其表现为头骨上由于角组织畸形发育而出现小的角状结构。前人对畸形角的Soay绵羊进行全基因组关联分析，结果表明畸形角与无角位点RXFP2基因显著相关。然而畸形角发育的分子机制目前仍不清楚。本研究中，我们利用蛋白组学iTRAQ技术分析来自阿勒泰绵羊的畸形角、正常两角和正常四角个体，筛选畸形角表型的差异表达蛋白。共筛选到232个差异蛋白，GO分析表明最显著富集的生物学过程主要涉及粘附过程（包括生物附着（P=4.07×10-17）和细胞附着(P=3.7×10-16)），多细胞生物过程（包括单细胞-多细胞生物过程(P=2.06×10-11)和多细胞生物过程(P=2.29×10-11)）和细胞外过程（包括细胞外基质组织(P=4.77×10-16)和细胞外结构组织(P=4.93×10-16))。KEGG分析表明ECM—受体互作和焦点粘连信号通路为最显著的信号通路。这一结果与畸形角细胞外基质形成的减少和畸形角组织发育的结果是一致的。本研究有助于从下游蛋白表达水平揭示绵羊角性状的遗传机制。
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HE Xiao-hong, CHEN Xiao-fei, PU Ya-bin, GUAN Wei-jun, SONG Shen, ZHAO Qian-jun, LI Xiang-chen, JIANG Lin, MA Yue-hui. 2018. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals key pathways responsible for scurs in sheep (Ovis aries). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1843-1851.
Agro-Ecosystem & Environment
Effects of long-term green manure application on the content and structure of dissolved organic matter in red paddy soil
长期冬种绿肥对红壤稻田土壤可溶性有机质含量和结构的影响
GAO Song-juan, GAO Ju-sheng, CAO Wei-dong, ZOU Chun-qin, HUANG Jing, BAI Jin-shun, DOU Fu-gen
可溶性有机质（DOM）在土壤生物地球化学过程和养分转化中有重要意义，但是针对长期冬种绿肥下稻田土壤DOM含量和结构的研究尚少。依托湖南祁阳始于1982年的定位试验，利用紫外-可见光谱和红外光谱等方法研究了长期冬种不同品种绿肥对红壤稻田土壤DOM的影响。试验设双季稻-紫云英（RRV）、双季稻-油菜（RRP）、双季稻-黑麦草（RRG）和双季稻-冬闲（RRF）4个处理，其中紫云英、油菜和黑麦草是南方稻田中常用的绿肥品种。结果表明，绿肥翻压后稻田土壤的可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量显著提高。紫云英和油菜处理增加了稻田土壤DOM的芳香性和腐殖化程度，说明长期冬种紫云英和油菜能够促使土壤DOM结构变复杂。早稻成熟期土壤DOM中酚、醇和羧酸基的含量高于绿肥翻压后，其中紫云英处理效果最明显。冬种油菜增加了土壤DOM中的芳香性碳和脂肪族碳的比例，冬种黑麦草增加了土壤中芳香性碳和羧基碳的比例。综上所述，长期冬种紫云英和油菜可提高土壤DOM的芳香性、腐殖化程度和平均分子量，即增加了稻田土壤DOM的稳定性。
Cite this article:
GAO Song-juan, GAO Ju-sheng, CAO Wei-dong, ZOU Chun-qin, HUANG Jing, BAI Jin-shun, DOU Fu-gen. 2018. Effects of long-term green manure application on the content and structure of dissolved organic matter in red paddy soil. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1852-1860.
Accumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in a soil-wheat/maize system with long-term sewage sludge amendments
YANG Guo-hang, ZHU Guang-yun, LI He-lian, HAN Xue-mei, LI Ju-mei, MA Yi-bing
本研究采用冬小麦和夏玉米为一个轮作系统进行长期污泥农用田间试验，研究污泥施加对石灰性土壤中重金属的累积及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明：土壤中重金属Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的含量与污泥施加量之间呈显著正相关关系，土壤中每年每公顷施加一吨污泥，Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd含量的增加量分别为6.20、619、92.9、49.2和0.500 µg∙kg-1；按照农用泥质标准 (CJ/T 309-2009)，每年施用7.5 t·ha-1污泥的情况下，土壤中Hg 含量达到土壤环境质量二级标准 (GB 15618-1995) 规定的限值 (1 mg·kg-1) 之前，污泥可以安全施用18年，对Zn而言为51年，对其他重金属而言，污泥的安全施用年限更长 (Cu, 112年；Cd, 224年；Pb, 902年)。小麦籽粒中Zn和Ni的含量，玉米籽粒中Zn、Cu和Cr的含量随污泥施加量的增加线性增加；小麦秸秆中Zn、Cr和Ni的含量，玉米秸秆中Zn、Cu As的含量与污泥施加量之间也具有较好的正相关关系；而小麦秸秆中Cu的含量和玉米秸秆中Cr的含量则与污泥施加量之间呈现相反的变化趋势。此外，不同重金属在小麦和玉米籽粒中的生物富集系数具有相似的大小顺序，为Zn>Cu>Cd>Hg>Cr, Ni>Pb>As；重金属在小麦中的富集能力高于玉米中，这表明作为毒性指示植物，小麦比玉米更敏感。此研究将有助于确定石灰性土壤中污泥的安全适宜用量。
Cite this article:
YANG Guo-hang, ZHU Guang-yun, LI He-lian, HAN Xue-mei, LI Ju-mei, MA Yi-bing. 2018. Accumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in a soil-wheat/maize system with long-term sewage sludge amendments. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1861-1870.
Changes in soil biochemical indicators at different wheat growth stages under conservation-based sustainable intensification of rice-wheat system
Tanushree Bera, Sandeep Sharma, H. S. Thind, Yadvinder-Singh, H. S. Sidhu, M. L. Jat
Soil microbes play critical roles in soil biogeochemistry, soil biological health and crop productivity. The current study evaluated the effects of tillage and residue management on changes in soil biochemical indicators at different growth stages of wheat after 5 years of rice-wheat system. Nine treatment combinations of tillage, crop establishment and crop residue management included three main plot treatments applied to rice: (1) conventional till direct dry seeded rice (CTDSR), (2) zero till direct dry seeded rice (ZTDSR), and (3) conventional puddled manual transplanted rice (CTPTR) and three sub-plot treatments in subsequent wheat: (1) conventional tillage with rice residue removed (CTW-R), (2) zero tillage with rice residue removed (ZTW-R) and (3) zero tillage with rice residue retained as surface mulch (ZTW+R). Irrespective of rice treatments, ZTW+R treatment had higher soil biochemical indicators compared with ZTW-R and CTW-R at all the growth stages of wheat. Generally, all the biochemical indicators were the highest at the flowering stage of wheat. Residual effect of rice treatments was also significant on biochemical quotients in wheat, which were the highest under ZTDSR followed by CTDSR and CTPTR. The present study provided three sensitive and reliable biochemical indicators (microbial biomass, basal soil respiration and microbial quotient) which respond rapidly to change in tillage and residue management practices in RWS of South Asia.
Cite this article:
Tanushree Bera, Sandeep Sharma, H. S. Thind, Yadvinder-Singh, H. S. Sidhu, M. L. Jat. 2018. Changes in soil biochemical indicators at different wheat growth stages under conservation-based sustainable intensification of rice-wheat system. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1871-1880.
Impacts of invasive Iris pseudacorus L. (yellow flag) establishing in an abandoned urban pond on native semi-wetland vegetation
Daisuke Hayasaka, Shingo Fujiwara, Taizo Uchida
Iris pseudacorus L., intentionally introduced in Japan as an ornamental plant and to improve aquatic environments, has been declared a noxious species in the Invasive Alien Species Act of Japan due to the suspected high ecological risks to the local species and ecosystems. Although prompt responses to I. pseudacorus have been sought to conserve local biodiversity, knowledge about its invasiveness is lacking. Here, we report the relationship between the establishment of I. pseudacorus and floristic changes in semi-wetland vegetation of an abandoned urban pond (Aoike), Nara City, Nara Prepecture, Japan. In total, 64 vascular plants were recorded in the pond, of which 50 were native species, seven were naturalized non-native, and seven were invasive species. On the other hand, most of these vascular plants (42 species) were grassland species and only several aquatic plants (10 species) were found in this study pond. The number of vascular plant species decreased significantly at quadrats with a coverage of I. pseudacorus above 50%. In addition, tendencies of lower number of native species and concomitant higher number of invasive species were found with increasing coverage of I. pseudacorus. From these results, we suggest that it is important to preferentially manage sites where the coverage of I. pseudacorus is above 50%, in order to preserve the local biodiversity. Additionally, as recommended in the literature, it is essential that the cut reproductive organs are kept submerged under deep water for an effective control of I. pseudacorus.
Cite this article:
Daisuke Hayasaka, Shingo Fujiwara, Taizo Uchida. 2018. Impacts of invasive Iris pseudacorus L. (yellow flag) establishing in an abandoned urban pond on native semi-wetland vegetation. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1881-1887.
Agricultural Economics and Management
What determines irrigation efficiency when farmers face extreme weather events? A field survey of the major wheat producing regions in China
极端天气下决定灌溉效率的主要因素—基于中国小麦主产区的实地调研
SONG Chun-xiao, Les Oxley, MA Heng-yun
水资源是制约中国粮食生产的主要瓶颈，因此，当面临极端天气事件时，提高农业的灌溉效率尤其重要。本文首先利用超越对数随机前沿生产函数估计灌溉效率，然后通过Tobit模型，分析当极端天气事件发生时灌溉效率的影响因素。研究结果显示：第一，极端天气事件发生时灌溉效率较低；第二，不同灌溉设施间的灌溉效率有较大差异；第三，地块间的灌溉效率有两极分化的态势；第四，生产技术采用以及保证农民的经济收益，是提高灌溉效率的决定因素。为此，本文建议：第一，农民应该在提高产量和增加用水量之间做出合理选择，积极参加各种技术培训，采用节水灌溉技术；第二，政府和研究人员要因地制宜，帮助农民确定最佳灌溉用水量，提供更好的节水技术和培训方案，而不是简单地鼓励农民投资和维护灌溉设施；第三，增加农户的收入水平，提高农民抵御自然灾害的能力。
Cite this article:
SONG Chun-xiao, Les Oxley, MA Heng-yun. 2018. What determines irrigation efficiency when farmers face extreme weather events? A field survey of the major wheat producing regions in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1888-1899.
Is the “One Province One Rate” premium policy reasonable for Chinese crop insurance? The case in Jilin Province
我国农业保险“一省一费”的定价策略合理吗？—以吉林省玉米种植保险为例
ZHOU Xian-hua, LIAO Pu, WANG Ke
目前我国种植业保险实施的是“一省一费”的定价策略，其理论依据是种植业保险具有系统性风险特征。本文基于吉林省45个主要玉米生产县的相关数据，运用空间滞后模型对这一理论依据的合理性进行了检验。研究结果显示：第一，种植业风险空间溢出效应显著，但是当相邻县数目扩展到8个以上时，相关性降低较快；第二，针对吉林省玉米种植保险，全省可以细分成8个风险区划；第三，这种风险区划可以明显降低由“一省一费”带来的较高交叉补贴率，并且产生扶贫效果。本文的研究结论一方面证明了种植业保险系统性风险的存在，另一方面又指出这种系统性风险的空间分布不足以支持现行的“一省一费”政策。本文的这些结论无疑对中国种植业保险进行下一步省级以下的风险区划提供了重要的参考依据和经验证据。
Cite this article:
ZHOU Xian-hua, LIAO Pu, WANG Ke. 2018. Is the “One Province One Rate” premium policy reasonable for Chinese crop insurance? The case in Jilin Province. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1900-1911.
Letter
First report of cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera filipjevi) on winter wheat in Shandong Province, China
我国山东首次报道菲利普孢囊线虫危害冬小麦
ZHEN Hao-yang, PENG Huan , ZHAO Hong-hai, QI Yong-hong, HUANG Wen-kun, KONG Ling-an, LIANG Chen, WEN Yan-hua, PENG De-liang
禾谷类孢囊线虫（cereal cyst nematodes，CCN）中的三种孢囊线虫如禾谷孢囊线虫( Heterodera avenae), 菲利普孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi)和麦类孢囊线虫(Heterodera latipons) 是全世界公认的危害禾谷类作物引起重大经济损失的植物寄生线虫。我国2010年首次报道菲利普孢囊线虫在河南危害小麦，随后该线虫在我国的宁夏、青海、安徽、新疆等地发生， 2017年冬季调查山东小麦孢囊线虫危害现状，采集了小麦根系和土壤样品79份，从菏泽市单县黄安镇杨庄村(GPS N34°38′23.10″ E116°05′42.95″)的样品中，发现根系侵染量非常高，形态学特征观察和分子特征分析，以及应用菲利普孢囊线虫特异性引物(HfF1, 5′-CAGGACGAAACTCATTCAACCAA-3′; HfR1, 5′-AGGGCGAACAGGAGAAGATTAGA-3′) 进行检测，杨庄村样品为菲利普孢囊线虫，这是在山东首次检测到菲利普孢囊线虫，说明菲利普孢囊线虫已经扩散到山东，进一步扩散蔓延，将对山东小麦安全生产构成严重威胁，
Cite this article:
ZHEN Hao-yang, PENG Huan,ZHAO Hong-hai, QI Yong-hong, HUANG Wen-kun, KONG Ling-an, LIANG Chen, WEN Yan-hua, PENG De-liang. 2018. First report of cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera filipjevi) on winter wheat in Shandong Province, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(08): 1912-1913.
Journal of Integrative Agriculture
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