SCI论文背景介绍如何撰写4
Reference to what other writers do in their text: author as subject
In Chapter 2, Smith provides us with a number of important …
In the subsequent chapter, Smith examines the extent to which …
By drawing on the concept of X, Smith has been able to show that …
Some analysts (e.g. Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between …
Drawing on an extensive range of sources, the authors set out the different ways in which …
Other authors (see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach.
| Smith (2000) | identifies X, Y, and Z as the major causes of … draws on an extensive range of sources to assess … highlights the need to break the link between X and Y. uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that … mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of … questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for … draws our attention to distinctive categories of X often observed in … considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as … discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting … provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to … defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of … lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: … traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century. |
| In her review of …, In her major study, In her analysis of …, In her case study of …, In her introduction to …, In her seminal article, In her classic critique of …, In her interesting analysis of …, | Smith (2012) identifies five characteristics of … |
Reference to another writer’s ideas or position (author as subject)
According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore …
As noted by Smith (2003) X is far more cost effective, and therefore …
| Smith (2013) | points out argues maintains claims concludes suggests | that | preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world. |
| Smith (2013) | argues for offers proposes suggests | an explanatory theory for each type of irrational belief. |
Synthesising sources
Similarly, Nicoladis (2006) found that X …
In the same vein, Smith (1994) in his book XYZ notes …
This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes that …
Smith argues that her data support O’Brien’s (1988) view that …
Al-Masry’s (1986) work on X is complemented by Smith’s (2009) study of …
Almost every paper that has been written on X includes a section relating to …
Unlike Smith, Jones (2013) argues that …
In contrast to Smith, Jones (2013) argues that …
A broader perspective has been adopted by Smith (2013) who argues that …
Conversely, Wang (2010) reported no significant difference in mortality between X and Y.
| Smith argues that … break Al-Masry (2003) sees X as … | Similarly, Jones (2013) asserts that … break Likewise, Wang (2012) holds the view that … |
| Some writers (e.g. Smith, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between … break Some authors have mainly been interested in questions concerning X and Y (Smith, 2001; Jones … break Much of the available literature on X deals with the question of … | Others (see Jones, 2003; Brown, 2004) question the usefulness of … break Others have highlighted the relevance of … break But Smith (2008) is much more concerned with … |
| Zhao (2002) notes that … break Smith (2013) found that X accounted for 30% of Y. | However, Jennings’ (2010) study of Y found no link between … break Other researchers, however, who have looked at X, have found … Jones (2010), for example, … |
| Smith (2010) presents an X account, break While Smith (2008) focusses on X, | whilst Jones (2011) … break Jones (2009) is more concerned with … |
Some ways of introducing quotations
Commenting on X, Smith (2003) argues: ‘… …’
As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: ‘there are many good reasons to be sceptical’.
As Smith argues: ‘In the past, the purpose of education was to …’ (Smith, 2000:150).
In the final part of the Theses on Feuerbach, Marx writes: ‘Philosophers have hitherto only …’
Sachs concludes: ‘The idea of development stands today like a ruin in …’ (Sachs, 1992a: 156).
| As Smith (2013: 320) | notes: ‘… … … … … ‘ argues ‘ … … … … … ‘ writes: ‘ … … … … … ‘ observes: ‘ … … … … … ‘ points out: ‘ … … … … … ‘ reminds us: ‘ … … … … … ‘ |
Summarising the review or parts of the review
Together, these studies indicate that …
Overall, these studies highlight the need for …
Considering all of this evidence, it seems that …
Collectively, these studies outline a critical role for…
The evidence presented in this section suggests that …
The studies presented thus far provide evidence that …
Overall, there seems to be some evidence to indicate that …
Together these studies provide important insights into the …
All of the studies reviewed here support the hypothesis that …
Two important themes emerge from the studies discussed so far:
In view of all that has been mentioned so far, one may suppose that …