杨荫浏：《琴谱》（下）

编者按：

杨先生《琴谱》一书的后两章，论述了弦间音位与符号。弦间音位一章，先生运用三分损益法求得从三弦至七弦的各按音音位与岳山距离，即相对弦长比值。之所以省去一弦与二弦的推算公式，是因为它们是六弦与七弦的低八度。有了弦长比，还需要厘定徽间音位，先生以图表的形式，用徽分表示五正调音位，每调两图，一示泛音音位，一示按音音位。符号一章，先生新创“按指谱”，对改革古琴谱式有重要意义。此外，书中还以按指谱的形式抄录了诸城派琴家王燕卿传谱的九首古琴曲。其中，《古琴吟》《关山月》《凤求凰》《秋风词》《极乐吟》的歌词被译作英文。

琴谱

THE CHIN MUSIC

INTRODUCTION BY Ernest Y. L. Yang

文丨杨荫浏 

（本文选自《杨荫浏全集》第11卷，江苏文艺出版社2009年版。）

第三章 弦间音位

Ⅲ. Positions of Notes on Strings

泛音定于徽位。徽凡十三。若全弦长度为L，则十三徽与岳山之距离，依次如下：

各按音音位与岳山间之距离，系用三分损益法求得。

Positions of stopped notes are located on points at the various distances from the bridge obtained the form of calculation, known as the Method of One-Third-Addition-and-Subtraction(三分损益法).

若空弦全长为L,则自三弦至七弦，诸弦上音位推算之式，如下所列。一弦二弦之音位，同六弦七弦，不过所发之音，均为低八度而已。

With L representing the length of the open string, distances for different notes on the five strings from the third to the seventh in the tuning for the key of D are derived in the following manner. Distances on the first and the second strings are the same as those on the sixth and the seventh strings; only the notes they give are an octave lower.

虽然，仅有表示相对长度之数字比值，仍无裨于操琴时音位之定取。古之琴家有见于此，乃将十三徽中每相邻二徽间之长度，各分成十等分，名之曰分；合徽与分，以定按音之位。音位之当徽者，名以徽序，曰几徽；其不当徽，而在徽间者，兼名以徽与分，而曰几徽几分。例如：D调（正调）三弦（宫弦）上五度（徵音）之位，距岳山0.66667L，适当九徽，故名之曰“九徽”；同弦上二度（商音）之高八度之位，距岳山0.4444L，适当六徽与七徽间之正中，故名之曰“六徽中”，简书作“六”；余类推。

 However, only numerical figures indicating relative lengths can in no way help the player to locate his notes during playing. As a solution, ancient Chin theorists designated the positions of notes in terms of “cents”, counting from the nearest stop-mark immediately on the right. A position just opposite a stop-mark is named after the order of the same mark. Each distance between two neighbouring stop-marks is divided intoten “cents”. A position between any two stop-marks is named after the number of “cent” in addition to the order of the stop-mark immediately at the right of the position. For instance, the position of the perfect fifth on the third or tonic string, which has a length of 0.66667L, is called “ninth stop”(9); while that of the higher octave of the major second on the same string, which has a length of 0.44444L, is called “five cents after sixth stop”(6: 5), and so on.

徽分可由弦度比值换算而得。按音音位、弦度比值，与徽分之关系。（见图七）

Relationships between positions of notes and lengths of strings for different notes are indicated in Fig.7.

图八至图十七，用徽分示五正调之音位。每调二图，一示泛音音位，一示按音音位。

Positions of Notes for scales in the five perfect keys are indicated in Fig.8-17 in terms of stops and cents. For every key, two figures are used, the one for notes in harmonics.

第四章 符号

IV. Symbols

本书所用新定谱式，以五线谱及按指谱各一行，记写一行乐曲。按指谱凡七线，七线由上而下，依次代表琴之一弦至七弦。

The score consists of a line of music staff and another of fingering staff of seven lines, each of which represents a string on the instrument­­­——the upper most line corresponds to the farthest string, etc.

按指谱之上，列指法符号，以示五线谱上所记诸音之弹法。

Above the fingering staff, symbols are placed to indicate the manner in which different sounds are produced.

编辑：西西

审校：安安