低剂量口服环磷酰胺和氨甲蝶呤维持治疗激素受体阴性早期乳腺癌:IBCSG 22-00
2016年6月20日,美国临床肿瘤学会《临床肿瘤学杂志》在线发表国际乳腺癌研究组(IBCSG)多中心随机对照Ⅲ期研究(22-00),评估了低剂量口服环磷酰胺、氨甲蝶呤维持方案(CMM)用于早期三阴性乳腺癌患者标准化疗后的效果。
该研究入组由各中心确认的激素受体阴性乳腺癌患者1086例(IHC阳性细胞<10%),其中1081例为意向治疗,814例患者为早期三阴性乳腺癌,350例(43%)患者存在淋巴结转移。根据中心、绝经状态及诱导方案对患者进行分层,随机分为CMM组(诱导化疗4~6个月加口服环磷酰胺、氨甲蝶呤维持化疗12个月:环磷酰胺50mg/d、持续口服,氨甲蝶呤2.5mg、每日2次口服,每周第1、2天用药,持续1年,527例)及单纯诱导化疗4~6个月无进一步治疗组。主要研究终点为无病生存(DFS),统计效力80%时需无病生存病例307例。
中位随访时间6.9年(82.6个月),有71例(13%)未接受CMM方案治疗,其余的456例患者中,仅177例(39%)完成了全方案的75%以上,271例无病生存。对于整体激素受体阴性人群,增加低剂量维持治疗的DFS事件发生率较少,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.14)。早期三阴性乳腺癌患者疾病进展风险降低了16%,但差异无统计学意义。计入基本预后因素的多变量分析表明,对于三阴性乳腺癌患者,CMM组患者第5年DFS事件绝对减少4.1%,三阴性和淋巴结阳性(转移)患者效果更好(第5年复发下降7.9%)。总计64例患者具有3或4级治疗相关不良作用,这些患者中13.5%的接受了至少一个疗程的CMM治疗。转氨酶升高最常见的不良作用,其次为白细胞减少。
对于激素受体阴性的早期乳腺癌患者,尤其是三阴性乳腺癌患者,其术后常规辅助化疗结束后是否需要进行维持治疗尚无定论。该研究探索了CMM方案对于此类患者的临床意义。该结果显示,CMM组的复发风险略有下降,高危的淋巴结转移的三阴性乳腺癌患者似乎能从维持治疗中获益更多。本项维持治疗的Ⅲ期研究具有重要的临床意义,需仔细分析其主要终点未达到的原因。其中最重要的一个可能是治疗组患者依从性差。而研究分析的依从性结果显示,完成剂量低于原计划75%的患者的DFS明显低于完成剂量高于75%计划剂量的患者,且与对照组相似。说明即便是低剂量化疗维持,剂量强度仍然是影响疗效的重要因素。其次是入组人群的异质性。该人群中,三阴占75%,而HER2阳性占25%。后续分析发现,淋巴结转移的三阴性乳腺癌患者从维持治疗中获益更多。这组真正高危的患者可能是从低剂量维持治疗中获益的患者,但由于相对预后较好的其他分子分型或无淋巴结转移的患者,稀释了研究方案的疗效,也是该研究未达阳性结果的可能原因。尽管该研究的最终结果为阴性,但仍不失为一项设计严谨的随机对照研究,其结果可能为我们寻求三阴性乳腺癌辅助化疗后进一步提高疗效的方式提供依据。
值得注意的是这项研究是从2001年开始至2012年结束,在这十几年间,辅助治疗有了突飞猛进的发展。特别是2005年以后曲妥珠单抗上市以来,发展更为有效的、基于紫杉类药物的新型化疗方法及其通过调整给药剂量和方案得到的优化治疗方案。从IBCSG 22-00研究结果可以看到,CMM方案并未显著影响改善患者的乳腺癌发生时间间隔及复发间隔。而对于三阴性乳腺癌亚组(5年DFS率为78.7%比74.6%)和三阴性乳腺癌合并淋巴结转移亚组患者(5年DFS率为72.5%对64.6%)来说,CMM方案可能有临床获益。
传统化疗的给药模式通常是给予患者最大耐受剂量以达到最大的抗肿瘤效果,并采用多周期给药。为了减少化疗药物的副作用,每个周期之间需要长时间的间歇期来恢复,但这种给药模式通常会导致在间歇期肿瘤血管的重新生成及肿瘤耐药株的出现,从而影响化疗效果。传统化疗较大的副反应也使部分患者无法接受进一步的化疗。2000年依据动物研究的结果首次提出了“节拍化疗”的理念,与传统化疗相比,节拍化疗给予高频度小剂量的持续化疗,给药间隔期短,具有抑制肿瘤血管和肿瘤耐药株形成,并最小化毒性反应的优势。研究者们对于节拍化疗的探索并未止步于乳腺癌的姑息治疗与新辅助治疗,在辅助治疗领域,同样进行了相关的临床研究,例如IBCSG 22-00。
根据IBCSG 22-00研究,对于节拍化疗方法作为肿瘤的维持治疗,还存在如下问题:
1、在辅助治疗及治疗方案历经了10余年的翻天覆地变后,应用“现代版“的紫杉类药物为基础的化疗方案,是否会得到和上述研究相似的结果?
2、节拍化疗真的与晚期或长期化疗有区别吗?
3、上述研究结果是否证明基于更多烷化剂的治疗对于三阴性乳腺癌患者更有价值?
4、是否有已知的作用机制可以阐明节拍化疗所针对的靶向癌种或目标人群?
总之,节拍化疗是一种安全、有效、经济的化疗方式,相比于传统化疗有着不同的作用机制及给药模式,其在乳腺癌的姑息治疗、辅助治疗及新辅助治疗领域都有相关的研究,并且显示出了一定的疗效,值得进一步的深入探讨。开展节拍化疗与内分泌药物、靶向药物等联合应用以及寻找可靠有效的节拍化疗的疗效预测指标以进一步提高节拍化疗疗效,是实现个体化治疗的重要途径。化疗发展的道路是曲折而蜿蜒的,很多研究者在为之努力,期望有更多更好的研究结果出现。
J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Low-Dose Oral Cyclophosphamide and Methotrexate Maintenance For Hormone Receptor-Negative Early Breast Cancer: International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial 22-00.
Marco Colleoni, Kathryn P. Gray, Shari Gelber, István Láng, Beat Thürlimann, Lorenzo Gianni, Ehtesham A. Abdi, Henry L. Gomez, Barbro K. Linderholm, Fabio Puglisi, Carlo Tondini, Elena Kralidis, Alexandru Eniu, Katia Cagossi, Daniel Rauch, Jacquie Chirgwin, Richard D. Gelber, Meredith M. Regan, Alan S. Coates, Karen N. Price, Giuseppe Viale, Aron Goldhirsch.
European Institute of Oncology; University of Milan, Milan; Ospedale degli Infermi, Rimini; University Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, Udine; Osp. Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Ospedale di Carpi, Carpi, Italy; International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard Medical School; Frontier Science and Technology Foundation, Boston, MA; National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary; Kantonsspital, St Gallen; Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, Bern; Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau; Spital Thun, Thun, Switzerland; The Tweed Head Hospital, Tweed Heads, New South Wales and Griffith University, Southport, Queensland; Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group; Box Hill and Maroondah Hospitals and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria; International Breast Cancer Study Group and University of Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Cancer Institute Ion Chiricuta, Cluj, Romania.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the benefit of low-dose cyclophosphamide and methotrexate (CM) maintenance, which previously demonstrated antitumor activity and few adverse effects in advanced breast cancer, in early breast cancer.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG) Trial 22-00, a randomized phase III clinical trial, enrolled 1,086 women (1,081 intent-to-treat) from November 2000 to December 2012. Women with estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-negative (< 10% positive cells by immunohistochemistry) early breast cancer any nodal and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, were randomly assigned anytime between primary surgery and 56 days after the first day of last course of adjuvant chemotherapy to CM maintenance (cyclophosphamide 50 mg/day orally continuously and methotrexate 2.5 mg twice/day orally on days 1 and 2 of every week for 1 year) or to no CM. The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS), which included invasive recurrences, second (breast and nonbreast) malignancies, and deaths.
RESULTS: After a median of 6.9 years of follow-up, DFS was not significantly better for patients assigned to CM maintenance compared with patients assigned to no CM, both overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.06;P = .14) and in triple-negative (TN) disease (n = 814; HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.06). Patients with TN, node-positive disease had a nonstatistically significant reduced HR (n = 340; HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.49 to 1.05). Seventy-one (13%) of 542 patients assigned to CM maintenance did not start CM. Of 473 patients who received at least one CM maintenance dose (including two patients assigned to no CM), 64 (14%) experienced a grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse event; elevated serum transaminases was the most frequently reported (7%), followed by leukopenia (2%).
CONCLUSION: CM maintenance did not produce a significant reduction in DFS events in hormone receptor-negative early breast cancer. The trend toward benefit observed in the TN, node-positive subgroup supports additional exploration of this strategy in the TN, higher-risk population.
Funded by the International Breast Cancer Study Group, participating centers, and for central coordination, data management, and statistics by the Swedish Cancer League, The Cancer Council Australia, Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, the Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK), the Swiss Cancer League/Oncosuisse, and the United States National Cancer Institute (Grant No. CA-75362).
Clinical trial information: NCT00022516.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.65.6595