中美学者提出三阴性乳腺癌进化新观点
在选择压力下,生物与其生存环境相互作用,生物的遗传组成结构随时间而发生优胜劣汰的改变,并导致相应表型改变,即为进化。在大多数情况下,这种改变使生物适应其生存环境。三阴性乳腺癌细胞如同大多数生物细胞,在其基因组中有异常数量的染色体或拷贝数畸变。
2016年8月15日,英国《自然·遗传学》在线发表德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心、达纳法伯癌症研究所、哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院、中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院与研究所的研究报告,提出三阴性乳腺癌进化新观点。
该研究利用单细胞测序技术,对于拷贝数畸变如何以及何时影响肿瘤的形成和生长提供了前所未有的细节,这一信息对于癌症的诊断和治疗可能产生重大影响。
该研究对拷贝数畸变随着时间推移缓慢而逐渐发生的流行观念提出了挑战。该研究结果显示,染色体变化发生在肿瘤生长早期阶段的短时间断性“爆发”。
目前的模型主张,拷贝数畸变在较长时间内逐渐循序获得,从而导致肿瘤相继更恶性阶段。另一种模式是间断进化,在该过程中,拷贝数畸变在短暂危机中获得,其次形成肿瘤稳定克隆扩增。该研究表明,三阴性乳腺癌患者间断拷贝数演变很常见。
该研究支持“爆发”模型,并论证了拷贝数畸变多数在肿瘤发展早期阶段获得。这一发现非常重要,因为大多数基因组研究都集中于肿瘤被手术切除后的单一时间点,从而使得很难研究肿瘤生长过程中染色体进化的自然史。
该发现也表明,其他癌症也可能表现出类似的拷贝数畸变行为。在其他癌症(如前列腺癌、结肠癌、肝癌和肺癌)的初步数据表明,拷贝数进化的间断模型也可能在其他实体肿瘤中发挥作用。这种模式对于肿瘤生长动态的进化理解,以及对于三阴性乳腺癌患者的临床诊断和治疗,都有重要意义。
Nat Genet. 2016 Aug 15. [Epub ahead of print]
Punctuated copy number evolution and clonal stasis in triple-negative breast cancer.
Ruli Gao, Alexander Davis, Thomas O McDonald, Emi Sei, Xiuqing Shi, Yong Wang, Pei-Ching Tsai, Anna Casasent, Jill Waters, Hong Zhang, Funda Meric-Bernstam, Franziska Michor, Nicholas E Navin.
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Aneuploidy is a hallmark of breast cancer; however, knowledge of how these complex genomic rearrangements evolve during tumorigenesis is limited. In this study, we developed a highly multiplexed single-nucleus sequencing method to investigate copy number evolution in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. We sequenced 1,000 single cells from tumors in 12 patients and identified 1-3 major clonal subpopulations in each tumor that shared a common evolutionary lineage. For each tumor, we also identified a minor subpopulation of non-clonal cells that were classified as metastable, pseudodiploid or chromazemic. Phylogenetic analysis and mathematical modeling suggest that these data are unlikely to be explained by the gradual accumulation of copy number events over time. In contrast, our data challenge the paradigm of gradual evolution, showing that the majority of copy number aberrations are acquired at the earliest stages of tumor evolution, in short punctuated bursts, followed by stable clonal expansions that form the tumor mass.
DOI: 10.1038/ng.3641