图尔克：中国是碳中和世界变局中的核心角色
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编者按：2021年9月22日，由中国人民大学、中国外文出版发行事业局联合主办，中国人民大学重阳金融研究院（人大重阳）、中国外文局当代中国与世界研究院承办的“碳中和，中国在行动”全球直播研讨暨报告发布会成功举行。斯洛文尼亚前总统、人大重阳外籍高级研究员达尼洛·图尔克（Danilo Türk）发表致辞，致辞视频及中英文实录如下：
尊敬的中国人民大学刘伟校长，中国外文局高岸明副局长，中国人民大学重阳金融研究院王文执行院长，各位嘉宾，女士们，先生们，
我很高兴也非常荣幸在今天的研讨会发表主旨演讲。我们将讨论一个至关重要的全球问题，即世界的转型问题——向碳中和世界的转型。中国将在这场变局中发挥核心角色。
首先，我要祝贺中国人民大学重阳金融研究院即将发布《碳中和：中国在行动》研究报告。我很期待能仔细地学习这份研究报告。同时，我也想提几点我认为应该特别值得注意的意见。
当今世界正处于一个转折点，需要做出一个根本性的抉择。联合国秘书长古特雷斯在其最近发布的《我们的共同议程》报告中指出了我们所有人面临的严峻和根本的抉择：“……是继续一切照旧，冒着严重崩溃和永久危机的风险，还是齐心协力，突破重围，实现一个能为人类和地球服务的国际体系”。
全球变暖问题是这一根本的、具有历史重要性的抉择的核心。人类面临着跨越不可逆转的门槛和加速危机的风险，而这些危机可能需要几个世纪甚至几千年才能扭转。如果对迫在眉睫的灾难还有任何疑问的话，国际气候变化专门委员会的最新研究报告就彻底地消除了这些疑问。
这些认识都不是最新的。过去已经对这些问题进行了非常详细的讨论，一些新的、协调一致的努力的基本需求也逐渐清晰。世界的未来将是碳中和的世界。否则，就根本没有任何有意义的未来。
中国如此强烈地做出碳中和的承诺，是非常值得欢迎的，也是必不可少的。让我们回顾一下，习近平主席一年前在联合国大会上的发言，重申了中国对气候变化《巴黎协定》的承诺，并承诺扩大在中国采取的政策和措施。此外，他还强调中国要实现的目标是：“……二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。”这是一个具有历史意义的承诺。中国承诺在最短的时间间隔内实现碳达峰和碳中和。
因此，今天的问题是，需要做什么，才能在三四十年内实现碳中和世界的生存目标。这是世界上所有大国面临的关键问题。令人鼓舞的是，大多数的主要参与者已经开始设计有效的工具来实现碳中和的目标。
在我生活的欧洲地区，人们正在做很多事情来加速气候行动。欧盟执行机构——欧盟委员会计划在2030年前将温室气体排放量至少减少55%，这使欧洲走上了在2050年实现碳中和的现实道路。
目前正在落实实现这些目标的政策措施和金融工具。新冠疫情后的恢复期被视为一个契机。复苏融资包括为技术改造和清洁能源的投资提供资金。整个欧洲复苏计划提供约2万亿欧元的融资，其中最大的一部分约30%将用于应对气候变化。
欧洲银行业正在发生很多变化。欧洲主要金融机构之一的欧洲投资银行计划在2021-2025年期间将其一半以上的贷款提供给气候行动和环境可持续性所需的项目。在2021-2030年期间，欧洲投资银行计划在全球支持价值1万亿美元的绿色投资。特别重要的是，欧洲投资银行正在逐步取消对化石燃料的各种项目的融资。这个例子说明了欧洲在融资和发展方面的方法正在发生变化。
此外，国家和国际监管机构的作用也非常重要的。在实现碳中和的快速进展将需要“气候证明”——最好是所有的未来投资。所有的新项目都应通过适当的测试，了解它们与减少温室气体排放的中期目标的兼容性。这是一项艰巨的任务，但也是一项必要的任务。
金融领域的两大战略任务，一是致力于大力发展绿色金融，二是致力于逐步淘汰化石燃料融资，这是非常艰巨的。它们需要改变政策、制定新的规定和仔细协调新政策。
完成这些任务的方法不统一，这是很自然的。欧洲、中国、美国和其他国家将要采取的方法可能会有所不同。对我们欧洲人来说，了解和借鉴中国的经验是非常有趣的。人大重阳即将发布的《碳中和：中国在行动》研究报告，也将在世界各地进行认真研究。
与此同时，像中国、欧盟等特定全球参与者的经验也将为发挥协同效应提供机会。全球变暖是一个全球现象，需要全球合作。虽然主要措施必须在国内采取，但也要尽可能地在国际上协调，以产生协同效应。
今年11月，世界各国将参加在英国格拉斯哥《联合国气候变化框架公约》第26届缔约方大会，这将是加强国际合作的重要机会。同时，这将是一个重要的“政治晴雨表”，一个检验实际的政治气氛和评估可能范围的机会。
我们必须实事求是。主要参与者之间的差异仍然很大，发展中国家仍然面临能力薄弱和新冠肺炎疫情带来的额外压力的双重问题。当前世界政治的总体氛围不好。缔约国必须尽最大努力减少分歧，加强合作。
此外，商业部门内部和金融行业本身也可以做很多事情。向碳中和世界迈进所必须的转型也带来了巨大风险，这些风险涉及新技术的实际效果、逐步淘汰化石燃料的速度以及向绿色技术、可再生能源过渡的管理。
这些都要求我们重新思考国际竞争与合作的概念。仅靠竞争还不足以获得所需的结果。合作可能需要以新的形式分享知识和经验。必须以新的方式设计国际知识产权规则，以使所需的进展得以实现。
所有这些都需要更多的沟通和合作，我称之为“安全空间磋商”。这种磋商应在油管企业和金融机构内部或之间进行，也应在国家内部和国际上进行。而且它们必须尽可能地摆脱政治压力和政治竞争。
这样一个“以协同作用为导向的路线”的未来合作是否可能？我希望是可能的。
让我们牢记联合国秘书长演讲中的基本要旨：“是继续一切照旧，冒着严重崩溃和永久危机的风险，还是齐心协力，突破重围，实现一个能为人类和地球服务的国际体系”。联合国秘书长所倡导的“共同努力”，仍有许多需要学习的地方。关于这一点，我们今天的研讨会在这方面做出了贡献。
我祝愿本次全球研讨会取得圆满成功，并在我们今天开始的道路上取得富有成效的进展！
谢谢！
以下为英文版
Mr. Liu Wei, President of the Renmin University of China
Mr. Gao Anming, Deputy Head and Chief Editor of China International Publishing Administration,
Mr. Wang Wen, Executive Dean of Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies
Fellow key note speakers and panelists, ladies and gentlemen,
It gives me a great pleasure and honour to address you on this occasion. We are about to discuss a critically important global issue of transformation of the world - the transformation into a carbon neutral world. The role of China will be central to this transformation.
I congratulate the Chongyang institute for the research report “Carbon Neutral, China in Action” that will be released at this seminar today. I look forward to studying it carefully.
Meanwhile I wish to make a few basic comments that, in my opinion, deserve special attention.
The world is at an inflection point and there is a fundamental choice to be made. In his recent report “Our Common Agenda” the United Nations Secretary General defined the stark, fundamental choice confronting us all:
“…to continue with the business as usual and risk significant breakdown and perpetual crises, or to make a concerted efforts to break through and achieve an international system that delivers for people and the planet.”
The problem of global warming is at the centre of this fundamental, historically important choice. The humankind risks crossing irreversible thresholds and accelerating crises that could take centuries or even millennia to reverse. If there were any doubts about the looming disasters left, the latest report of the International Panel on Climate Change dispelled them irreversibly.
None of these realisations is new. They have all been discussed in great detail in the past and the basic needs of new and concerted efforts are becoming clear. The future of the world will be carbon neutral. Otherwise there may not be any meaningful future at all.
It is very welcome, indeed essential that China has made its commitment carbon neutral so strongly. Let us recall, President Xi Jinping, Speaking in the United Nations General Assembly a year ago, reiterated China’s commitment to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. And he pledged to scale up the policies and measures taken in China.
Moreover, he emphasized the aim of China to achieve: “…..CO2 emissions’ peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060.”
This was a pledge of historic significance. China promised to achieve the shortest ever time distance between carbon peak and carbon neutral.
Therefore today the question is what needs to be done to achieve the existential objective of carbon neutral world within thirty to forty years.
This is the key question for all the major powers of the world. It is encouraging that most of the main players have started to devise effective instruments to achieve the objective of carbon neutrality.
In Europe, the region where I live, much is being done to speed up climate action. The European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union, plans to cut the greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 per cent before 2030. This sets Europe on a realistic path to becoming carbon neutral by 2050.
The policy measures and financial instruments to achieve these objectives are being put in place. The current period of post COVID 19 recovery is being seized as an opportunity. Financing of the recovery includes financing of the technological transformation and investment in clean energy. The entire European Recovery Plan provides for financing of about two trillion Euros. The largest part of that financing, about 30 per cent, will be devoted to fighting climate change.
Much is happening in the European banking sector. The European Investment Bank, one of the key financial institutions in Europe plans to provide more than a half of its loans in the period 2021-2025 to projects needed for climate action and environmental sustainability. In the period 2021 to 2030 the European Investment bank plans to support one thousand billion worth of green investments around the world. And importantly, the European Investment Bank is phasing out its financing of various projects in fossil fuels.
This example illustrates the ongoing change in the European approach to financing and development more generally.
In addition, the role of national and international regulators will be significant.
Fast progress towards carbon neutral will require “climate proofing” – ideally of all future investments. All new projects should pass appropriate tests regarding their compatibility with the mid-term objectives of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This is a big task, but also a necessary one.
The two sets of strategic tasks in the field of finance – the one devoted to substantial expansion of green financing and the other to phasing out financing in fossil fuels are very demanding. They will require changes in policies, new regulation and careful coordination of new policies.
It is natural that the approaches to these tasks will not be uniform. The approaches that are to be taken in Europe, in China, in the United States and in other countries are likely to differ. For us in Europe it will be very interesting to learn about and from the experience of China. The research report of the Chongyang Institute “Carbon Neutral, China in Action” that will be released shortly will be studied carefully in all parts of the world.
At the same time, the experience of any particular global player like China or the European Union will also provide an opportunity for developing synergies. Global warming is a global phenomenon that requires global cooperation. And while the main measures have to be taken domestically they should be coordinated internationally to the largest extent possible, so as to create synergy effects.
In November this year the world will meet at the conference of state parties of the Convention on Climate Change, COP 26 in Glasgow, in the United Kingdom. This will be an important opportunity to strengthen international cooperation. At the same time, it will be an important “political barometer” an opportunity to test the actual political atmosphere and to assess the scope of the possible.
We have to be realistic. The differences among major players are still significant. The developing countries are still suffering of the dual problem of weak capacity and of the additional stress caused by the COVID 19 Pandemic. And the general political atmosphere in the world is not good. The state parties must do their utmost to reduce their differences and strengthen their cooperation.
In addition, much can be done within the business sector and in the financial industry themselves. The transformation necessitated by progress towards a carbon neutral world brings with it significant risks. Those risks relate to the actual effects of new technologies, as well as to the pace of phasing out fossil fuels and to management of the transition to green technologies and renewable energy.
This calls for rethinking of the notions of international competition and cooperation.
Competition alone will not suffice for the needed results. Cooperation may require new forms of sharing knowledge and experience. International rules of intellectual property will have to be designed in new ways to allow the needed progress to happen.
All this will require more communication, more cooperation and something I would call “safe space consultations”. Such consultations should be organised within and among the interested businesses, and financial institutions, within countries and internationally. And they will have to be - as much as possible - free from political pressure and political rivalry.
Is such a “synergy – oriented course” of future cooperation possible? I hope it is.
Let us remember the basic message of the UN Secretary-General: To continue business as usual creates a risk of significant breakdown and perpetual crises. What is needed are concerted efforts to break through and achieve an international system that delivers for people and the planet.
There is still much learning needed for the “concerted efforts” advocated by the UN Secretary – General. Our seminar today represents a contribution in this regard.
I wish this global seminar all success and a productive journey on the path we are starting today.
And I thank you for your attention.
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// 人大重阳
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RDCY
中国人民大学重阳金融研究院（人大重阳）成立于2013年1月19日，是重阳投资向中国人民大学捐赠并设立教育基金运营的主要资助项目。
作为中国特色新型智库，人大重阳聘请了全球数十位前政要、银行家、知名学者为高级研究员，旨在关注现实、建言国家、服务人民。目前，人大重阳下设7个部门、运营管理4个中心(生态金融研究中心、全球治理研究中心、中美人文交流研究中心、中俄人文交流研究中心)。近年来，人大重阳在金融发展、全球治理、大国关系、宏观政策等研究领域在国内外均具有较高认可度。
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