新技术能让皮肤年轻30岁
近日，英国剑桥大学巴布拉汉研究所（Babraham Institute）的研究人员研发出一种让皮肤细胞恢复活力的新技术，能够将细胞生物钟倒回大约30年，并且不会失去细胞原有的功能。
无注释原文：
Anti-ageing technique makes skin cells act 30 years younger
New Scientist
Researchers have developed a method that can turn back the biological clock on skin cells by 30 years, creating stem cells from mature ones, which could be used to treat skin conditions in the future.
In 2007, Shinya Yamanaka at Kyoto University in Japan developed a technique that could transform adult skins cells into stem cells by inserting four specialist molecules, dubbed “Yamanaka factors”, that reverse cell development. It takes around 50 days of exposure to these molecules for normal cells to be reprogrammed into what are known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
“When you turn to a cell into an iPSC, you lose the original cell type and its functionality,” says Diljeet Gill at the Babraham Institute in Cambridge, UK.
Gill and his colleagues have now devised a technique that uses Yamanaka factors to rejuvenate skin cells without losing their previous functionality.
The researchers collected skin cell samples from three human donors that had an average age of around 50, then exposed these to the Yamanaka factors for just 13 days to partially anti-age the cells. They then removed the Yamanaka factors and left the cells to grow.
As we age, our DNA gets tagged with chemicals, so tracking these markers can help us determine how old our bodies are. This is known as our epigenetic clock. Over time, some of our genes will either turn on or off, the collection of which is known as the transcriptome.
Gill and his team found that the epigenetic clock and transcriptome profiles of the partially reprogrammed cells matched the profiles of skin cells that belonged to people who were 30 years younger.
The rejuvenated cells also functioned like younger ones, too, creating more collagen than those that didn’t undergo reprogramming. And when placed onto an artificial wound, the reprogrammed cells moved to close the gap much quicker than the older ones did.
“In young people, if you cut yourself, it’ll take quicker to heal the wound, while it would take me longer to heal,” says team member Wolf Reik, also at the Babraham Institute. “It’s very exciting – not only the molecular read-outs that are younger, but the cell also functions more like young cells.”
The key advance in this study is that we are now able to substantially rejuvenate cells without changing their identity or functionality, says Reik. “In previous studies, you would end up with a stem cell, which is not what you’d want for therapy.”
The technique may one day be useful in treating skin conditions, such as burns and ulcers. There is also the added bonus that the cells wouldn't be rejected by an individual’s body, because they would be their own cells, says Gill.
“So far, we’ve only tested this technique in skin cells. We’re excited to see if we can translate it across other cell types,” says Gill.
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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Anti-ageing technique makes skin cells act 30 years younger
New Scientist
Researchers have developed a method that can turn back the biological clock on skin cells by 30 years, creating stem cells from mature ones, which could be used to treat skin conditions in the future.
研究人员已经开发出一种方法，可以使皮肤细胞的生物钟倒退30年，从成熟的细胞中创造出干细胞，这一技术未来可用于治疗皮肤疾病。
biological clock
表示“生物钟；生理钟”，英文解释为“your body's natural habit of sleeping, eating, growing, etc. at particular times”举个🌰：
Long-haul flights can seriously disrupt your biological clock.
长途飞行可能会严重扰乱你的生物钟。
stem cell
表示“干细胞”，英文解释为“a cell, especially one taken from a person or animal in a very early stage of development, that can develop into any other type of cell”
condition
熟词僻义，除了表示“情况，状况”，condition本身可以表示“疾病”，英文解释为“any of different types of diseases”如：to suffer from a heart/skin condition 患有心脏/皮肤病。
📍out of condition 可以表示“身体状况不佳，不在状态”（not healthy enough for hard physical exercise, as a result of not taking part in sport or other physical activities）。
In 2007, Shinya Yamanaka at Kyoto University in Japan developed a technique that could transform adult skins cells into stem cells by inserting four specialist molecules, dubbed “Yamanaka factors”, that reverse cell development. It takes around 50 days of exposure to these molecules for normal cells to be reprogrammed into what are known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
2007年，日本京都大学（Kyoto University）的山中伸弥（Shinya Yamanaka）开发了一种技术，通过插入四种被称为“山中因子”（Yamanaka factor）的分子，可以将成人皮肤细胞转化为干细胞，从而逆转细胞的发育。正常细胞接触这些分子大约需要50天才能被重新编程为所谓的诱导性多能干细胞（iPSCs）。
molecule
molecule /ˈmɒl.ɪ.kjuːl/ 表示“分子”，英文解释为“the smallest unit, consisting of a group of atoms, into which a substance can be divided without a change in its chemical nature”举个🌰：
A molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
水分子由两个氢原子和一个氧原子构成。
形容词性：
📍molecular /məʊˈlɛkjʊlə/ 表示“分子的”，英文解释为“Molecular means relating to or involving molecules.”，如：the molecular structure of fuel 燃料的分子结构。
dub
1）表示“把…称为”，英文解释为“If someone or something is dubbed a particular thing, they are given that description or name.”举个🌰：
Today's session has been widely dubbed as a "make or break" meeting.
今天的会议被大众称为“不成则散”的会议。
2）表示“为（影片或声道等）配音”，英文解释为“If a film or soundtrack in a foreign language is dubbed, a new soundtrack is added with actors giving a translation.”举个🌰：
It was dubbed into Spanish for Mexican audiences.
它已为墨西哥观众配成西班牙语了。
reverse
1）表示“失败；挫折”，英文解释为“a defeat or failure”举个🌰：
They suffered a serious military reverse.
他们遭受了一次重大的军事失败。
2）作动词，表示“（使）反向；（使）倒转；彻底改变；推翻”，英文解释为“to change the direction, order, position, result, etc. of something to its opposite”举个🌰：
The new manager hoped to reverse the decline in the company's fortunes.
新经理希望能够扭转公司江河日下的状况。
pluripotent
pluripotent /ˌplʊə.rɪˈpəʊ.tənt/ 表示“多能（性）的”，英文解释为“A pluripotent cell is able to develop into several different types of cell.”举个🌰：
Embryonic stem cells are said to be more pluripotent than adult stem cells.
胚胎干细胞据说比成人干细胞更具有多能性。
induced pluripotent stem cells
诱导性多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells, iPS cells），是指通过导入特定的转录因子将终末分化的体细胞重编程为多能性干细胞。
📍2006年日本京都大学山中伸弥（Shinya Yamanaka）在世界著名学术杂志《细胞》上率先发表了诱导多能干细胞的研究。他们把Oct3/4,Sox2、c-Myc和Klf4这四种转录因子基因克隆入病毒载体，然后引入小鼠成纤维细胞，发现可诱导其发生转化，产生的iPS细胞在形态、基因和蛋白表达、表观遗传修饰状态、细胞倍增能力、类胚体和畸形瘤生成能力、分化能力等方面都与胚胎干细胞相似。（百度百科）
“When you turn to a cell into an iPSC, you lose the original cell type and its functionality,” says Diljeet Gill at the Babraham Institute in Cambridge, UK.
英国剑桥巴布拉汉研究所（Babraham Institute）的迪尔吉特·吉尔（Diljeet Gill）说：“当你把一个细胞变成诱导性多能干细胞时，你就会失去原来的细胞类型及其功能。”
Gill and his colleagues have now devised a technique that uses Yamanaka factors to rejuvenate skin cells without losing their previous functionality.
吉尔和他的同事们现在已经设计出一种技术，利用山中因子使皮肤细胞恢复活力，而不失去它们以前的功能。
devise
devise表示“想出，设计，发明（新的方法）”，英文解释为“to plan or invent a new way of doing something”，如：devise a plan/system/machine，举个🌰：
She devised a method for quicker communications between offices.
她想出一种加快办公室之间通信联络的方法。
区分：
📍revise1）表示“改变；修正，修改”，英文解释为“to change something because of new information or ideas”，如：revise the article/revise the plan；
2）表示“（考试）温习，复习”，英文解释为“to study facts again, in order to learn them before an examination”，举个🌰：
Revising for exams gives you a chance to bring together all the individual parts of the course.
考前复习给你一个把课程各独立部分融会贯通的机会。
rejuvenate
rejuvenate /rɪˈdʒuː.vən.eɪt/ 1）表示“使年轻；使恢复活力；使青春焕发”，英文解释为“to make someone look or feel young and energetic again”，举个🌰：
She felt rejuvenated by her fortnight there.
在那度了两周假，她觉得自己变年轻了。
2）表示“使（组织或体制）恢复活力”，英文解释为“to make an organization or system more effective by introducing new methods, ideas, or people”，举个🌰：
He has decided to rejuvenate the team by bringing in a lot of new, young players.
他决定大批引进年轻的新队员，使球队恢复活力。
The researchers collected skin cell samples from three human donors that had an average age of around 50, then exposed these to the Yamanaka factors for just 13 days to partially anti-age the cells. They then removed the Yamanaka factors and left the cells to grow.
研究人员从三个平均年龄约为50岁的人类捐赠者那里收集了皮肤细胞样本，然后将这些细胞暴露在山中因子中仅13天，以在一定程度上抗衰老。然后他们移除山中因子，让细胞继续生长。
sample
表示“（用于检验、分析的）样本，试样”，英文解释为“A sample of a substance is a small amount of it that is examined and analysed scientifically.”举个🌰：
They took samples of my blood.
他们采了我的血样。
As we age, our DNA gets tagged with chemicals, so tracking these markers can help us determine how old our bodies are. This is known as our epigenetic clock. Over time, some of our genes will either turn on or off, the collection of which is known as the transcriptome.
随着年龄增长，我们的DNA会被化学物质标记，因此追踪这些标记可以帮助我们确定身体年龄，这被称为人类的“表观遗传时钟”。随着时间的推移，我们的一些基因会开启或关闭，其集合被称为转录组。
age
表示“衰老，使…显得苍老”，英文解释为“If someone ages or something ages them, they look older.”举个🌰：
She's aged since the last time we met.
她显得比我们上次见面时老了。
tag
表示“给…加上标签”，英文解释为“to fasten a tag onto sth/sb”举个🌰：
Each animal was tagged with a number for identification.
每只动物都系上了标有号码的小牌，以便辨认。
epigenetic
📍epigenetic /ˌepɪdʒɪˈnetɪk/ 表示“后生的；外成的；渐成说的；表观遗传的”，英文解释为“of or relating to epigenesis.”
📍epigenetics表示“表观遗传学”，英文解释为“a branch of genetics that studies the chemical reactions that turn genes on and off.”
transcriptome
transcriptome /trænˈskrɪptəʊm/ 表示“转录组；转录物组（一个基因组转录的所有RNA）”，英文解释为“a collection of all the messenger RNA in a particular cell.”
Gill and his team found that the epigenetic clock and transcriptome profiles of the partially reprogrammed cells matched the profiles of skin cells that belonged to people who were 30 years younger.
吉尔和他的团队发现，部分重编程细胞的表观遗传时钟和转录谱与年轻30岁人的皮肤细胞的特征相匹配。
The rejuvenated cells also functioned like younger ones, too, creating more collagen than those that didn’t undergo reprogramming. And when placed onto an artificial wound, the reprogrammed cells moved to close the gap much quicker than the older ones did.
这些年轻化的细胞也像年轻的细胞一样起作用，比那些没有经过重编程的细胞产生更多的胶原蛋白。当被放置在一个人为的伤口上时，重编程的细胞比年长的细胞以更快速度愈合伤口。
collagen
collagen /ˈkɒl.ə.dʒən/ 表示“胶原蛋白”，英文解释为“a protein found especially in the joints (= places where two bones are connected) of humans and animals”
📍collagen implant/injection 表示“（作为整形美容手术的）胶原蛋白植入（或注射）”，英文解释为“an injection of collagen into the lips or skin to make the lips appear larger or the skin appear younger and smoother”
undergo
表示“经历，经受（令人不快的事或变化） ”，英文解释为“”to experience something that is unpleasant or something that involves a change“
Playing board games is undergoing a revival in popularity.
棋盘游戏正经历着一场复兴。
“In young people, if you cut yourself, it'll take quicker to heal the wound, while it would take me longer to heal,” says team member Wolf Reik, also at the Babraham Institute. “It's very exciting – not only the molecular read-outs that are younger, but the cell also functions more like young cells.”
团队成员沃尔夫·赖克（Wolf Reik）说：“在年轻人中，如果你割伤自己，伤口会更快愈合，而我则需要更长的时间来愈合。这非常令人兴奋--不仅在分子层面更年轻，而且其功能也更像年轻细胞。”
read-out
表示“读数；数据显示；显示如速度、高度或分贝的信息”，英文解释为“If an electronic measuring device gives you a readout, it displays information about the level of something such as a speed, height, or sound.”举个🌰：
The system provides a digital readout of the vehicle's speed.
该系统提供车辆速度的电子读数。
The key advance in this study is that we are now able to substantially rejuvenate cells without changing their identity or functionality, says Reik. “In previous studies, you would end up with a stem cell, which is not what you’d want for therapy.”
这项研究的关键进展是，我们现在能够在不改变细胞特性或功能的情况下使其大幅恢复活力，赖克说。“在以前的研究中，你最终会得到一个干细胞，这并不是你治疗所需要的。”
The technique may one day be useful in treating skin conditions, such as burns and ulcers. There is also the added bonus that the cells wouldn't be rejected by an individual’s body, because they would be their own cells, says Gill.
该技术有一天可能会在治疗皮肤疾病方面发挥作用，如烧伤和溃疡。吉尔说，还有一个意外收获是，这些细胞不会被人体所排斥，因为它们本身是自己的细胞。
ulcer
ulcer /ˈʌl.sər/ 表示“溃疡”，英文解释为“An ulcer is a sore area on the outside or inside of your body which is very painful and may bleed or produce a poisonous substance.”如：a mouth/stomach ulcer 口腔/胃溃疡，举个🌰：
iIn addition to headaches, you may develop stomach ulcers as well.
除了头痛，你还可能患上胃溃疡。
“So far, we’ve only tested this technique in skin cells. We’re excited to see if we can translate it across other cell types,” says Gill.
“到目前为止，我们只在皮肤细胞中测试了这种技术。我们很期待看到是否能将其应用到其他类型的细胞，”吉尔说。
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