猴痘是什么？

近日，包括英国、葡萄牙、西班牙、意大利、瑞典、比利时在内的国家相继报告发现猴痘（Monkeypox）确诊病例。

猴痘病毒是什么呢？有什么症状？

无注释原文：

Monkeypox

From: WHO

Introduction

Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) with symptoms very similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients, although it is clinically less severe. With the eradication of smallpox in 1980 and subsequent cessation of smallpox vaccination, monkeypox has emerged as the most important orthopoxvirus for public health. Monkeypox primarily occurs in Central and West Africa, often in proximity to tropical rainforests and has been increasingly appearing in urban areas. Animal hosts include a range of rodents and non-human primates.

Natural host of monkeypox virus

Various animal species have been identified as susceptible to monkeypox virus. This includes rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, dormice, non-human primates and other species. Uncertainty remains on the natural history of monkeypox virus and further studies are needed to identify the exact reservoir(s) and how virus circulation is maintained in nature.

Transmission

Animal-to-human (zoonotic) transmission can occur from direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, cutaneous or mucosal lesions of infected animals. In Africa, evidence of monkeypox virus infection has been found in many animals including rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian poached rats, dormice, different species of monkeys and others. The natural reservoir of monkeypox has not yet been identified, though rodents are the most likely. Eating inadequately cooked meat and other animal products of infected animals is a possible risk factor. People living in or near forested areas may have indirect or low-level exposure to infected animals.

Human-to-human transmission can result from close contact with respiratory secretions, skin lesions of an infected person or recently contaminated objects. Transmission via droplet respiratory particles usually requires prolonged face-to-face contact, which puts health workers, household members and other close contacts of active cases at greater risk. However, the longest documented chain of transmission in a community has risen in recent years from six to nine successive person-to-person infections. This may reflect declining immunity in all communities due to cessation of smallpox vaccination. Transmission can also occur via the placenta from mother to fetus (which can lead to congenital monkeypox) or during close contact during and after birth. While close physical contact is a well-known risk factor for transmission, it is unclear at this time if monkeypox can be transmitted specifically through sexual transmission routes. Studies are needed to better understand this risk.

Signs and symptoms

The incubation period (interval from infection to onset of symptoms) of monkeypox is usually from 6 to 13 days but can range from 5 to 21 days.

The infection can be divided into two periods:

· the invasion period (lasts between 0-5 days) characterized by fever, intense headache, lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), back pain, myalgia (muscle aches) and intense asthenia (lack of energy). Lymphadenopathy is a distinctive feature of monkeypox compared to other diseases that may initially appear similar (chickenpox, measles, smallpox)

· the skin eruption usually begins within 1-3 days of appearance of fever. The rash tends to be more concentrated on the face and extremities rather than on the trunk. It affects the face (in 95% of cases), and palms of the hands and soles of the feet (in 75% of cases). Also affected are oral mucous membranes (in 70% of cases), genitalia (30%), and conjunctivae (20%), as well as the cornea. The rash evolves sequentially from macules (lesions with a flat base) to papules (slightly raised firm lesions), vesicles (lesions filled with clear fluid), pustules (lesions filled with yellowish fluid), and crusts which dry up and fall off. The number of lesions varies from a few to several thousand.

Monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease with the symptoms lasting from 2 to 4 weeks. Severe cases occur more commonly among children and are related to the extent of virus exposure, patient health status and nature of complications. Underlying immune deficiencies may lead to worse outcomes. Although vaccination against smallpox was protective in the past, today persons younger than 40 to 50 years of age (depending on the country) may be more susceptible to monkeypox due to cessation of smallpox vaccination campaigns globally after eradication of the disease.

The case fatality ratio of monkeypox has historically ranged from 0 to 11 % in the general population and has been higher among young children. In recent times, the case fatality ratio has been around 3-6%.

- ◆ -

注：中文来源世卫组织官网，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Monkeypox

From: WHO

Introduction

Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) with symptoms very similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients, although it is clinically less severe. With the eradication of smallpox in 1980 and subsequent cessation of smallpox vaccination, monkeypox has emerged as the most important orthopoxvirus for public health. Monkeypox primarily occurs in Central and West Africa, often in proximity to tropical rainforests and has been increasingly appearing in urban areas. Animal hosts include a range of rodents and non-human primates.

猴痘是一种病毒性人畜共患病（从动物传播给人的病毒），病人症状与过去在天花病人身上所观察到的相似，但临床严重程度较轻。随着在1980年消灭了天花和随后停止接种天花疫苗，猴痘成为最严重的正痘病毒。猴痘主要发生在非洲中部和西部，通常在热带雨林附近，并且已经越来越多地出现在城市地区。动物宿主包括一系列啮齿动物和灵长类动物。

monkeypox

monkeypox /ˈmʌŋ.ki.pɒks/ 表示“猴痘”，英文解释为“a disease caused by a virus that can be spread to humans by monkeys, apes, rats, and other animals”举个🌰：

Monkeypox causes fevers, headaches, chills, sweats, and a skin rash of pus-filled blisters.

猴痘会引起发烧、头痛、发冷、出汗，皮肤上会出现充满脓液的皮疹水泡。

zoonosis

zoonosis /ˌzuː.əˈnəʊ.sɪs/ 表示“人畜共同传染病，动物传染病”，英文解释为“a disease that can spread from animals to humans”

smallpox

表示“天花”，英文解释为“an extremely infectious disease that causes a fever, spots on the skin, and often death”

eradication

表示“根除，消灭”，英文解释为“the process of getting rid of something completely or of destroying something bad”

cessation

表示“结束，停止；中断，中止”，英文解释为“ending or stopping”举个🌰：

They have called for a total cessation of the bombing campaign.

他们呼吁彻底停止这场轰炸行动。

proximity

表示“接近，邻近；临近”，英文解释为“the state of being near in space or time”举个🌰：

The best thing about the location of the house is its proximity to the town centre.

这座房子在地理位置方面最好的一点就是邻近市中心。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述量子计算的文章中提到：Their proximity to markets makes such judgments easier. 他们靠近市场，因而更容易做出这类判断。

rodent

表示“啮齿动物（如老鼠等）”，英文解释为“any of various small mammals with large, sharp front teeth, such as mice and rats”

primate

表示“灵长类动物”，英文解释为“a member of the most developed and intelligent group of mammals, including humans, monkeys, and apes”

Natural host of monkeypox virus 猴痘病毒的自然宿主

Various animal species have been identified as susceptible to monkeypox virus. This includes rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, dormice, non-human primates and other species. Uncertainty remains on the natural history of monkeypox virus and further studies are needed to identify the exact reservoir(s) and how virus circulation is maintained in nature.

各种动物物种已被确定为猴痘病毒的易感者。这包括绳松鼠、树松鼠、冈比亚巨鼠、睡鼠、灵长类动物等。对该病毒的自然史仍存有疑问，需进一步研究，以确定猴痘病毒的确切宿主及病毒在自然界的存续情况。

susceptible

susceptible /səˈseptəbl/ 表示“易受影响（或伤害等）；敏感；过敏”，英文解释为“very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sb/sth”举个🌰：

Some of these plants are more susceptible to frost damage than others.

这些植物中有一些较其他的易受霜冻危害。

Transmission 传播

Animal-to-human (zoonotic) transmission can occur from direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, cutaneous or mucosal lesions of infected animals. In Africa, evidence of monkeypox virus infection has been found in many animals including rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian poached rats, dormice, different species of monkeys and others. The natural reservoir of monkeypox has not yet been identified, though rodents are the most likely. Eating inadequately cooked meat and other animal products of infected animals is a possible risk factor. People living in or near forested areas may have indirect or low-level exposure to infected animals.

从动物到人（人畜共患病）的传播可以通过直接接触感染动物的血液、体液、皮肤或粘膜损伤而感染。在非洲，已经在许多动物身上发现了猴痘病毒感染的证据，包括绳松鼠、树松鼠、冈比亚巨鼠、睡鼠、不同种类的猴子等。猴痘的自然宿主尚未确定，不过啮齿动物最有可能。食用未充分烹饪的感染动物的肉类和其他动物产品是一个可能的风险因素。居住在森林地区或附近的人们可能间接或低水平地暴露于感染动物。

cutaneous

cutaneous /kjuˈteɪ.ni.əs/ 表示“皮肤的”，英文解释为“relating to the skin”举个🌰：

Lesions are more common in internal organs but may rarely be seen as one or more cutaneous ulcers.

机能障碍一般多见于内部器官，但偶尔也会以一处或多处皮肤溃烂的情况反映出来。

mucosal

mucosal /mjuːˈkəʊ.səl/ 表示“粘膜的”，英文解释为“relating to the mucosa (= the thin skin that covers the inside surface of parts of the body such as the nose and mouth and produces mucus to protect them)”如：mucosal disease 粘膜疾病。

lesion

lesion /ˈliː.ʒən/ 表示“（对人体或体内器官的）伤害，损伤”，英文解释为“an injury to a person's body or to an organ inside their body”如：skin/brain lesions 皮肤/大脑损伤。

Human-to-human transmission can result from close contact with respiratory secretions, skin lesions of an infected person or recently contaminated objects. Transmission via droplet respiratory particles usually requires prolonged face-to-face contact, which puts health workers, household members and other close contacts of active cases at greater risk.

人际间传播因密切接触了感染的呼吸道分泌物、感染者的皮肤损伤或最近被污染的物品而造成。通过呼吸道飞沫传播通常需要长时间的面对面接触，这使卫生工作者、家庭成员和其他活动病例的密切接触者面临更大的风险。

respiratory

respiratory /ˈrɛspərətərɪ/ 表示“呼吸的”，英文解释为“connected with breathing”，如：the respiratory system 呼吸系统，respiratory diseases 呼吸道疾病。

secretion

表示“分泌；分泌液”，英文解释为“the process by which an animal or plant produces and releases a liquid, or the liquid produced”举个🌰：

The excessive secretion of gastric juices in the gut causes ulcers.

胃中胃液分泌过多会导致胃溃疡。

contaminate

表示“污染；弄脏”，英文解释为“to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease”举个🌰：

The drinking water has become contaminated with lead.

饮用水被铅污染了。

prolonged

表示“延续很久的，长期的”，英文解释为“continuing for a long time”举个🌰：

Prolonged use of the drug is known to have harmful side-effects.

据了解，长期服用此药会产生对人体有害的副作用。

However, the longest documented chain of transmission in a community has risen in recent years from six to nine successive person-to-person infections. This may reflect declining immunity in all communities due to cessation of smallpox vaccination. Transmission can also occur via the placenta from mother to fetus (which can lead to congenital monkeypox) or during close contact during and after birth. While close physical contact is a well-known risk factor for transmission, it is unclear at this time if monkeypox can be transmitted specifically through sexual transmission routes. Studies are needed to better understand this risk.

然而，近年来，有记载的最长社区传播链已经从连续6次人际间感染上升到了9次。这可能反映出由于停止接种天花疫苗，所有社区的免疫力都在下降。传播也可以通过胎盘从母亲到胎儿（这可能导致先天性猴痘）或在出生时和出生后的密切接触中发生。虽然密切的身体接触是一个众所周知的传播风险因素，但目前还不清楚猴痘是否可以专门通过性传播途径传播。需要进行研究以更好地了解这种风险。

successive

表示“接连地，连续地”，英文解释为“happening one after the other without any break”举个🌰：

It was the team's fourth successive defeat.

那是球队接连第4次失利。

placenta

placenta /pləˈsen.tə/ 表示“胎盘”，英文解释为“the temporary organ that feeds a foetus (= developing baby) inside its mother's womb”

fetus

fetus /ˈfiːtəs/ 表示“胎儿，胎”，英文解释为“a young human being or animal before birth, after the organs have started to develop”，英式拼写：foetus.

congenital

congenital /kənˈdʒen.ɪ.təl/ 1）表示“（疾病等）天生的，先天的”，英文解释为“A congenital disease or condition exists at or from birth.”如：a congenital abnormality/disease 先天性畸形/疾病。

2）表示“生就有（某种坏品质）的，生性的”，英文解释为“used to say that someone always shows a particular bad quality”如：a congenital liar 生性爱说谎的人。

Signs and symptoms 症状与体征

The incubation period (interval from infection to onset of symptoms) of monkeypox is usually from 6 to 13 days but can range from 5 to 21 days.

猴痘的潜伏期（从感染到出现症状之间的时间间隔）通常为6至16天，但可为5至21天。

incubation

incubation /ˌɪŋkjuˈbeɪʃn/ 表示“（传染病的）潜伏期”，英文解释为“the time between sb being infected with a disease and the appearance of the first symptoms”。

onset

表示“开端，发生，肇始（尤指不快的事件）”，英文解释为“the beginning of sth, especially sth unpleasant.”常用：the onset of sth 就是（不愉快事情）.的开始，如：the onset of winter 冬季的开始，the onset of the disease 疾病开始发作。

🎬电影《传染病》（Contagion）中的台词提到：I've been taking it since the onset of the symptoms. 症状一开始我就在服用它。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇分析拜登即将面临的经济挑战的文章中提到：So far there is little sign of the economic scarring that was feared at the onset of the crisis. 到目前为止，没什么迹象显示会出现疫情之初人们所担心的那种经济创伤。

📍-onset 后缀表示“发病，起病”，英文解释为“(of an illness or medical condition) starting at the stated time or in the stated way”如：early-onset dementia 早发性痴呆，sudden-onset hearing loss 突发性听力损失。

The infection can be divided into two periods:

感染可分成两个阶段：

· the invasion period (lasts between 0-5 days) characterized by fever, intense headache, lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), back pain, myalgia (muscle aches) and intense asthenia (lack of energy). Lymphadenopathy is a distinctive feature of monkeypox compared to other diseases that may initially appear similar (chickenpox, measles, smallpox)

· 发病期（0-5天）：发热、剧烈头痛、淋巴结病（淋巴结肿大）、背痛、肌痛（肌肉疼痛）、重度疲乏无力（精神不振）；与其他最初可能看起来相似的疾病（水痘、麻疹、天花）相比，淋巴结病是猴痘的一个明显特征。

lymphadenopathy

lymphadenopathy /lɪmˌfædɪˈnɒpəθɪ, ˌlɪmfæd-/ 表示“淋巴结病”，英文解释为“a swelling of the lymph nodes, usually caused by inflammation associated with a viral infection such as rubella”

myalgia

myalgia /maɪˈæl.dʒə/ 表示“肌痛”，英文解释为“pain in the muscles”举个🌰：

He still complained of weakness and myalgia, but his pneumonia had been cured.

他仍然抱怨感觉虚弱而且有肌痛现象，但肺炎已经痊愈了。

asthenia

asthenia /ˈæsθənɪ/ 表示“无力; 衰弱”，英文解释为“an abnormal loss of strength; debility”

· the skin eruption usually begins within 1-3 days of appearance of fever. The rash tends to be more concentrated on the face and extremities rather than on the trunk. It affects the face (in 95% of cases), and palms of the hands and soles of the feet (in 75% of cases). Also affected are oral mucous membranes (in 70% of cases), genitalia (30%), and conjunctivae (20%), as well as the cornea. The rash evolves sequentially from macules (lesions with a flat base) to papules (slightly raised firm lesions), vesicles (lesions filled with clear fluid), pustules (lesions filled with yellowish fluid), and crusts which dry up and fall off. The number of lesions varies from a few to several thousand.

· 皮疹期（出现发热后1-3天内）：皮疹往往更集中在面部和四肢，而不是躯干。最常见是面部（95%的病例）、还有手掌和脚底（75%）。受影响的还有口腔粘膜（70%的病例）、生殖器（30%）和结膜（20%），以及角膜。皮疹的变化从斑丘疹（底部扁平的病变）到小水疱（充满液体的小疱）、脓疱，以及干燥后脱落的结痂。病变数量从几个到几千个不等。

rash

1）作形容词，表示“轻率的”，英文解释为“If someone is rash or does rash things, they act without thinking carefully first, and therefore make mistakes or behave foolishly.”举个🌰：

It would be rash to rely on such evidence.

依靠这样的证据太轻率了。

2）作可数名词，表示“皮疹，疹子”，英文解释为“A rash is an area of red spots that appears on your skin when you are ill or have a bad reaction to something that you have eaten or touched.”

extremities

表示“（身体的）末端，末梢（如手指、脚趾、鼻子等）”，英文解释为“the parts of the human body furthest from the heart, for example, the fingers, toes, and nose”

trunk

表示“（人体的）躯干”，英文解释为“the main part of a person's body, not including the head, legs, or arms”举个🌰：

The statue shows the head, trunk, and arms of an old man.

这座雕塑展示了一位老人的头部、躯干和手臂。

palm

palm /pɑːm/ 表示“手掌，手心”，英文解释为“the inside part of your hand from your wrist to the base of your fingers”举个🌰：

This tiny device fits into the palm of your hand.

这种微型装置可以放入你的掌心。

sole

熟词僻义，作名词，表示“脚底；鞋底”，英文解释为“the bottom part of the foot that touches the ground when you stand or walk, or the bottom part of a shoe that touches the ground, usually not including the heel”如：a cut on the sole of her foot 她脚底的伤口。

evolve

表示“（使）逐步发展；（使）逐步演变；（使）逐渐形成；（使）进化”，英文解释为“to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually”举个🌰：

The company has evolved over the years into a multi-million dollar organization.

该公司在数年内逐步发展成为一个拥有数百万美元资产的大企业。

crust

表示“（某物的）硬皮，外壳”，英文解释为“a hard outer covering of something”如：pie crust (= the cooked pastry on top) 馅饼皮。

Monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease with the symptoms lasting from 2 to 4 weeks. Severe cases occur more commonly among children and are related to the extent of virus exposure, patient health status and nature of complications. Underlying immune deficiencies may lead to worse outcomes. Although vaccination against smallpox was protective in the past, today persons younger than 40 to 50 years of age (depending on the country) may be more susceptible to monkeypox due to cessation of smallpox vaccination campaigns globally after eradication of the disease.

猴痘通常是一种自限性疾病，症状持续2至4周。严重病例较常见于儿童，且与病毒暴露程度、病人健康状况和并发症的严重程度有关。潜在的免疫缺陷可能会导致更糟糕的结果。尽管接种天花疫苗在过去具有保护作用，但今天40至50岁以下的人（取决于国家）可能更容易感染猴痘，这是因为在全球根除天花后停止了天花疫苗接种运动。

complication

表示“并发症”，英文解释为“A complication is a medical problem that occurs as a result of another illness or disease.”举个🌰：

Blindness is a common complication of diabetes.

失明是糖尿病常有的一种并发症。

The case fatality ratio of monkeypox has historically ranged from 0 to 11 % in the general population and has been higher among young children. In recent times, the case fatality ratio has been around 3-6%.

历史上，猴痘的病例死亡率在普通人群中为0-11%，在幼儿中较高。近来，病死率约为3-6%。

fatality

表示“（事故或暴力事件中的）死亡，死者”，英文解释为“a death caused by an accident or by violence, or someone who has died in either of these ways”举个🌰：

There are thousands of traffic fatalities (= deaths in traffic accidents) every year.

每年因交通事故有数千人死亡。

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