“研究发现睡前玩手机伤眼又折寿”
近日，#研究发现睡前玩手机伤眼又折寿#的话题引发热议。
报道称，巴克衰老研究所（Buck Institute on Aging）的一项研究发现了饮食、眼睛与寿命之间的联系，相关研究成果已发表在《自然·通讯》上。
研究发现睡前玩手机伤眼又折寿是真的吗？我们来看看相关这个研究。
无注释原文：
Intriguing connection between diet, eye health and lifespan uncovered
Science Daily
Researchers from the Buck Institute have demonstrated for the first time a link between diet, circadian rhythms, eye health and lifespan in Drosophila. Publishing in the June 7, 2022 issue of Nature Communications, they additionally and unexpectedly found that processes in the fly eye are actually driving the aging process.
Previous studies have shown in humans that there is an association between eye disorders and poor health. "Our study argues that it is more than correlation: dysfunction of the eye can actually drive problems in other tissues," said senior author and Buck Institute Professor Pankaj Kapahi, PhD, whose lab has demonstrated for years that fasting and caloric restriction can improve many functions of the body. "We are now showing that not only does fasting improve eyesight, but the eye actually plays a role in influencing lifespan."
"The finding that the eye itself, at least in the fruit fly, can directly regulate lifespan was a surprise to us," said lead author, Brian Hodge, PhD, who did his postdoctoral studies in Kapahi's lab.
The explanation for this connection, Hodge said, lies in circadian "clocks," the molecular machinery within every cell of every organism, which have evolved to adapt to daily stresses, such as changes in light and temperature caused by the rising and setting of the sun. These 24-hour oscillations -- circadian rhythms -- affect complex animal behaviors, such as predator-prey interactions and sleep/wake cycles, down to fine-tuning the temporal regulation of molecular functions of gene transcription and protein translation.
In 2016 Kapahi's lab published a study in Cell Metabolism showing that fruit flies on a restricted diet had significant changes in their circadian rhythms in addition to extending lifespan. When Hodge joined the lab later that year, he wanted to dig deeper to figure out which processes that enhance circadian functions were altered by the diet change, and whether circadian processes were required for the longer lifespan seen with dietary restriction.
"The fruit fly has such a short lifespan, making it a really beautiful model that allows us to screen a lot of things at once," said Hodge, who is currently a scientist at Fountain Therapeutics in South San Francisco. The study began with a broad survey to see what genes oscillate in a circadian fashion when flies on an unrestricted diet were compared with those fed just 10 percent of the protein of the unrestricted diet.
Immediately, Hodge noticed numerous genes that were both diet-responsive and also exhibiting ups and downs at different time points, or "rhythmic." He then discovered that the rhythmic genes that were activated the most with dietary restriction all seemed to be coming from the eye, specifically from photoreceptors, the specialized neurons in the retina of the eye that respond to light.
This finding led to a series of experiments designed to understand how eye function fit into the story of how dietary restriction can extend lifespan. For example, they set up experiments showing that keeping flies in constant darkness extended their lifespan. "That seemed very strange to us," said Hodge. "We had thought flies needed the lighting cues to be rhythmic, or circadian."
They then used bioinformatics to ask: Do the genes in the eye that are also rhythmic and responsive to dietary restriction influence lifespan? The answer was yes they do.
"We always think of the eye as something that serves us, to provide vision. We don't think of it as something that must be protected to protect the whole organism," said Kapahi, who is also an associate adjunct professor of urology at UCSF.
Since the eyes are exposed to the outside world, he explained, the immune defenses there are critically active, which can lead to inflammation, which, when present for long periods of time, can cause or worsen a variety of common chronic diseases. Additionally, light in itself can cause photoreceptor degeneration which can cause inflammation.
"Staring at computer and phone screens, and being exposed to light pollution well into the night are conditions very disturbing for circadian clocks," Kapahi said. "It messes up protection for the eye and that could have consequences beyond just the vision, damaging the rest of the body and the brain."
There is much to be understood about the role the eye plays in the overall health and lifespan of an organism, including: how does the eye regulate lifespan, and does the same effect apply to other organisms?
The biggest question raised by this work as it might apply to humans is, simply, do photoreceptors in mammals affect longevity? Probably not as much as in fruit flies, said Hodge, noting that the majority of energy in a fruit fly is devoted to the eye. But since photoreceptors are just specialized neurons, he said, "the stronger link I would argue is the role that circadian function plays in neurons in general, especially with dietary restrictions, and how these can be harnessed to maintain neuronal function throughout aging."
Once researchers understand how these processes are working, they can begin to target the molecular clock to decelerate aging, said Hodge, adding that it may be that humans could help maintain vision by activating the clocks within our eyes. "It might be through diet, drugs, lifestyle changes… A lot of really interesting research lies ahead," he said.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Intriguing connection between diet, eye health and lifespan uncovered
Science Daily
Researchers from the Buck Institute have demonstrated for the first time a link between diet, circadian rhythms, eye health and lifespan in Drosophila. Publishing in the June 7, 2022 issue of Nature Communications, they additionally and unexpectedly found that processes in the fly eye are actually driving the aging process.
巴克研究所的研究人员首次证明了果蝇的饮食、昼夜节律、眼睛健康和寿命之间的联系。研究成果于2022年6月7日发表在《《自然-通讯》（Nature Communications）杂志上，另外他们还意外地发现，果蝇眼睛的变化过程实际上正在推动衰老过程。
demonstrate
表示“显示；表明”，英文解释为“to show or make make something clear”举个🌰：
These numbers clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country.
这些数字清楚表明了该国经济问题的严重程度。
circadian
circadian /sɜːˈkeɪ.di.ən/ 表示“（动植物的）昼夜的，约一日的，约24小时的（节律，周期）”，英文解释为“used to describe the processes in animals and plants that happen naturally during a 24-hour period”举个🌰：
Our circadian clock makes it difficult to sleep during the day.
昼夜生理时钟让我们很难在白天睡觉。
rhythm
rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ 表示“（尤指自然界中的）规则变化，规律，节律”，英文解释为“a regular pattern of change, especially one that happens in nature”如：the rhythm of the seasons 四季的交替。
lifespan
表示“寿命；可持续年限，有效期”，英文解释为“the length of time for which a person, animal, or thing exists”举个🌰：
The average human lifespan in the developed countries has increased over the last hundred years.
发达国家的人均寿命在过去的100年间延长了。
Drosophila
Drosophila /drɒˈsɒfɪlə/ 表示“果蝇，果蝇属”，也叫 fruit fly, vinegar fly，英文解释为：a small fly that feeds on fruit and is often used in scientific research.
Previous studies have shown in humans that there is an association between eye disorders and poor health. "Our study argues that it is more than correlation: dysfunction of the eye can actually drive problems in other tissues," said senior author and Buck Institute Professor Pankaj Kapahi, PhD, whose lab has demonstrated for years that fasting and caloric restriction can improve many functions of the body. "We are now showing that not only does fasting improve eyesight, but the eye actually plays a role in influencing lifespan."
以前的研究表明，人类的眼睛疾病和健康状况不佳之间存在关联。“我们的研究认为，这不仅仅是相关性：眼睛功能障碍实际上会导致其他组织出现问题，”巴克研究所的资深作者、教授潘卡伊·卡帕希（Pankaj Kapahi）博士说。他的实验室多年来已证明，节制饮食和限制热量可以改善身体的许多功能。“我们现在表明，节制饮食不仅能改善视力，而且眼睛实际上在影响寿命方面发挥了作用。”
disorder
1）表示“混乱，凌乱，杂乱无章”，英文解释为“a state of untidiness or lack of organization”举个🌰：
he whole office was in a state of disorder.
整个办公室里凌乱不堪。
2）表示“失调，紊乱”，英文解释为“an illness of the mind or body”如：a blood disorder 血液失调。
dysfunction
表示“功体失调；机能不良”，英文解释为“a problem or fault in a part of the body or a machine”举个🌰：
There appears to be a dysfunction in the patient's respiratory system.
患者的呼吸系统似乎出现功能失调。
fast
1）作动词，熟词僻义，表示“禁食；斋戒”，英文解释为“to eat little or no food for a period of time, especially for religious or health reasons”，举个🌰：
One day a week he fasts for health reasons.
他出于健康考虑每周禁食一天。
2）作名词，同样可以表示“禁食期；斋戒期”（a period of time when you eat no food），如：break one's fast就可以解释为开戒，英文解释为“to eat food for the first time after fasting, or for the first time in the day”举个🌰：
Hundreds of prisoners began a fast.
数百名犯人开始绝食。
"The finding that the eye itself, at least in the fruit fly, can directly regulate lifespan was a surprise to us," said lead author, Brian Hodge, PhD, who did his postdoctoral studies in Kapahi's lab.
“眼睛本身，至少在果蝇中，可以直接影响寿命的发现让我们大吃一惊，”第一作者布莱恩·霍奇（Brian Hodge）博士说。他在卡帕希的实验室从事博士后研究。
The explanation for this connection, Hodge said, lies in circadian "clocks," the molecular machinery within every cell of every organism, which have evolved to adapt to daily stresses, such as changes in light and temperature caused by the rising and setting of the sun. These 24-hour oscillations -- circadian rhythms -- affect complex animal behaviors, such as predator-prey interactions and sleep/wake cycles, down to fine-tuning the temporal regulation of molecular functions of gene transcription and protein translation.
霍奇说，对这种联系的解释在于“生物钟”，即每个生物体每个细胞内的分子机制，已经进化到适应日常压力，比如太阳升起和落下引起的光线和温度变化。这些24小时的振荡——昼夜节律——影响着复杂的动物行为，比如捕食者-被捕者相互作用和睡眠/觉醒周期，甚至基因转录和蛋白质翻译分子功能时间调节的微调。
molecular
molecular /məʊˈlɛkjʊlə/ 表示“分子的”，英文解释为“Molecular means relating to or involving molecules.”，如：the molecular structure of fuel 燃料的分子结构。
machinery
表示“机构，体系，系统”，英文解释为“the structure and systems of an organization or process”如：bureaucratic/political/decision-making machinery 官僚/政治/决策机构。
evolve
表示“（使）逐步发展；（使）逐步演变；（使）逐渐形成；（使）进化”，英文解释为“to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually”举个🌰：
The company has evolved over the years into a multi-million dollar organization.
该公司在数年内逐步发展成为一个拥有数百万美元资产的大企业。
oscillation
oscillation /ˌɒs.ɪˈleɪ.ʃən/ 1）表示“摆动，摇摆”，英文解释为“repeated movement from one position to another”举个🌰：
The oscillations of the needle were so slight they were hard to detect.
指针的摆动非常轻微，很难察觉。
2）表示“一次波动；浮动；振幅”，英文解释为“a single movement from one position to another of sth that is oscillating”。
predator
1）表示“尾随伤害他人者，尾随作案者”，英文解释为“someone who follows people in order to harm them or commit a crime against them”，如：a sexual predator 尾随作案的色魔；
2）表示“捕食性动物，食肉动物”，英文解释为“an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals”。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述病毒引发大流行病的文章中提到：Humans think of themselves as the world's apex predators. 人类自认为是世界上的顶级捕食者。
prey
表示“被捕食的动物，猎物”，英文解释为“an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal”举个🌰：
A hawk hovered in the air before swooping on its prey.
老鹰在空中盘旋，之后向猎物猛扑过去。
In 2016 Kapahi's lab published a study in Cell Metabolism showing that fruit flies on a restricted diet had significant changes in their circadian rhythms in addition to extending lifespan. When Hodge joined the lab later that year, he wanted to dig deeper to figure out which processes that enhance circadian functions were altered by the diet change, and whether circadian processes were required for the longer lifespan seen with dietary restriction.
2016年，卡帕希的实验室在《细胞代谢》（Cell Metabolism）杂志上发表了一项研究，显示限制饮食的果蝇除了延长寿命之外，其昼夜节律也发生了显著变化。当年晚些时候霍奇加入实验室时，他想更深入地挖掘，以弄清哪些增强昼夜节律功能的过程因饮食变化而改变，以及限制饮食所带来的寿命延长是否需要昼夜节律过程。
"The fruit fly has such a short lifespan, making it a really beautiful model that allows us to screen a lot of things at once," said Hodge, who is currently a scientist at Fountain Therapeutics in South San Francisco. The study began with a broad survey to see what genes oscillate in a circadian fashion when flies on an unrestricted diet were compared with those fed just 10 percent of the protein of the unrestricted diet.
“果蝇的寿命如此之短，这使得它成为一个非常完美的范例，让我们能够同时分析很多东西，”霍奇说，他目前是南旧金山市Fountain Therapeutics公司的科学家。这项研究始于一项广泛的调查，以了解当无限制饮食的果蝇与只摄入无限制饮食中10%蛋白质的果蝇进行比较时，哪些基因会以昼夜节律的方式波动。
oscillate
oscillate /ˈɒs.ɪ.leɪt/ 表示“来回摆动；振动；振荡”，英文解释为“to move repeatedly from one position to another”举个🌰：
The needle on the dial oscillated between full and empty.
刻度盘上的指针在“满”和“空”之间来回摆动。
Immediately, Hodge noticed numerous genes that were both diet-responsive and also exhibiting ups and downs at different time points, or "rhythmic." He then discovered that the rhythmic genes that were activated the most with dietary restriction all seemed to be coming from the eye, specifically from photoreceptors, the specialized neurons in the retina of the eye that respond to light.
很快，霍奇注意到许多基因既对饮食有反应，又在不同的时间点表现出起伏，或者说是“有节律性”。随后他发现，在限制饮食的情况下被激活最多的节律性基因似乎都来自眼睛，特别是来自光感受器，即眼睛视网膜上对光有反应的特殊神经元。
rhythmic
rhythmic /ˈrɪðmɪkəl/ 表示“有节奏的；有规律的”，英文解释为“A rhythmic sound has a regular movement or beat that is repeated.”
photoreceptor
photoreceptor /ˈfəʊtəʊrɪseptə(r)/ 表示“光感受器”，英文解释为“a light-sensitive cell or organ that conveys impulses through the sensory neuron connected to it”
neuron
neuron /ˈnjʊə.rɒn/ 表示“神经元，神经细胞”，英文解释为“a nerve cell that carries information between the brain and other parts of the body”
retina
表示“视网膜”，英文解释为“Your retina is the area at the back of your eye. It receives the image that you see and then sends the image to your brain.”
This finding led to a series of experiments designed to understand how eye function fit into the story of how dietary restriction can extend lifespan. For example, they set up experiments showing that keeping flies in constant darkness extended their lifespan. "That seemed very strange to us," said Hodge. "We had thought flies needed the lighting cues to be rhythmic, or circadian."
这一发现引发了一系列的实验，旨在了解眼功能如何与饮食限制能延长寿命的情况相吻合。例如，他们设置的实验表明，让果蝇持续处于黑暗中可以延长它们的寿命。“这对我们来说似乎非常奇怪，”霍奇说。“我们曾认为果蝇需要有节律性或昼夜节律的照明诱因。”
They then used bioinformatics to ask: Do the genes in the eye that are also rhythmic and responsive to dietary restriction influence lifespan? The answer was yes they do.
然后，他们利用生物信息学提出了这样一个问题：眼睛里的基因也是有节律性的，并且对饮食限制有反应，这些基因是否影响寿命？答案是肯定的，它们确实如此。
"We always think of the eye as something that serves us, to provide vision. We don't think of it as something that must be protected to protect the whole organism," said Kapahi, who is also an associate adjunct professor of urology at UCSF.
“我们总是认为眼睛是为我们服务的、提供视力的东西。我们不认为它是必须被保护以保护整个机体的东西，”卡帕希说，他也是加州大学旧金山分校（UCSF）泌尿科的兼任副教授。
urology
urology /jʊəˈrɒl.ə.dʒi/ 表示“泌尿学，泌尿科”，英文解释为“the area of medicine concerned with the parts of the body that produce and carry urine”如：paediatric/reconstructive urology 儿童/重建泌尿学。
Since the eyes are exposed to the outside world, he explained, the immune defenses there are critically active, which can lead to inflammation, which, when present for long periods of time, can cause or worsen a variety of common chronic diseases. Additionally, light in itself can cause photoreceptor degeneration which can cause inflammation.
他解释说，由于眼睛暴露在外部世界里，那里的免疫防御系统非常活跃，这可能导致炎症，而炎症如果长期存在，会导致或恶化各种常见的慢性病。此外，光本身会导致光感受器退化，从而导致炎症。
immune
1）表示“有免疫力”，英文解释为“cannot catch or be affected by a particular disease or illness”举个🌰：
Adults are often immune to German measles.
成人往往对风疹有免疫力。
2）表示“不受影响”，英文解释为“not affected by sth”举个🌰：
You'll eventually become immune to criticism.
你终究会不用在乎批评了。
3）表示“受保护；免除；豁免”，英文解释为“protected from sth and therefore able to avoid it”举个🌰：
No one should be immune from prosecution.
任何人都不应免于被起诉。
inflammation
表示“发炎；炎症”，英文解释为“An inflammation is a painful redness or swelling of a part of your body that results from an infection, injury, or illness.”
chronic
chronic /ˈkrɒnɪk/ 1) 表示“（疾病）慢性的，长期的”，英文解释为“a chronic disease or illness is one that continues for a long time and cannot be cured”，如：chronic arthritis表示“慢性关节炎”。
2) 表示“（问题）长期的”，英文解释为“a chronic problem is one that continues for a long time and cannot easily be solved”。举个🌰：
There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
长期存在师资短缺的问题。
3) 还有一种解释是用来形容人“积习难改的”，如“长期酗酒/沉迷赌博等的人”我们就可以用chronic alcoholic/gambler表示。
"Staring at computer and phone screens, and being exposed to light pollution well into the night are conditions very disturbing for circadian clocks," Kapahi said. "It messes up protection for the eye and that could have consequences beyond just the vision, damaging the rest of the body and the brain."
“盯着电脑和手机屏幕，暴露在光污染中直到深夜，这些情况对生物钟来说非常令人不安，”卡帕希说。“它扰乱了对眼睛的保护，这可能产生的后果不仅仅是对视力，还可能损害身体的其他部分和大脑。”
There is much to be understood about the role the eye plays in the overall health and lifespan of an organism, including: how does the eye regulate lifespan, and does the same effect apply to other organisms?
关于眼睛在生物体整体健康和寿命中的作用，还有很多需要理解的地方，包括：眼睛如何调节寿命，同样的效果是否适用于其他生物体？
The biggest question raised by this work as it might apply to humans is, simply, do photoreceptors in mammals affect longevity? Probably not as much as in fruit flies, said Hodge, noting that the majority of energy in a fruit fly is devoted to the eye. But since photoreceptors are just specialized neurons, he said, "the stronger link I would argue is the role that circadian function plays in neurons in general, especially with dietary restrictions, and how these can be harnessed to maintain neuronal function throughout aging."
这项工作提出的可能适用于人类的最大问题是，简单地说，哺乳动物的光感受器是否影响寿命？霍奇说，可能不会像果蝇那么受影响，他指出果蝇的大部分能量都用于眼睛。但由于光感受器只是专门的神经元，他说：“我认为更强有力的联系是生物钟功能在一般神经元中发挥的作用，尤其是在饮食限制的情况下，以及如何利用这些来维持整个衰老过程中的神经元功能。”
mammal
mammal /ˈmæm.əl/ 表示“哺乳动物”，英文解释为“any animal of which the female feeds her young on milk from her own body. Most mammals give birth to live young, not eggs.”举个🌰：
Humans, dogs, elephants, and dolphins are all mammals, but birds, fish, and crocodiles are not.
人、狗、大象和海豚都是哺乳动物，而鸟、鱼和鳄鱼则不是。
longevity
表示“长寿；长命；持久”，英文解释为“long life; the fact of lasting a long time”举个🌰：
We wish you both health and longevity.
我们祝愿您二位健康长寿。
harness
harness /ˈhɑːnɪs/ 作动词，表示“控制，利用（以产生能量等）”，英文解释为“to control and use the force or strength of sth to produce power or to achieve sth”举个🌰：
We must harness the skill and creativity of our workforce.
我们必须尽量发挥全体职工的技能和创造力。
🎬《复仇者联盟2：奥创纪元》（Avengers: Age of Ultron）中提到的：If we can harness this power, ...如果我们能够驾驭这种能量，
🎬《奇异博士》（Doctor Strange）中提到的：We harness energy...我们收集/汲取能量，
Once researchers understand how these processes are working, they can begin to target the molecular clock to decelerate aging, said Hodge, adding that it may be that humans could help maintain vision by activating the clocks within our eyes. "It might be through diet, drugs, lifestyle changes… A lot of really interesting research lies ahead," he said.
霍奇说，一旦研究人员了解了这些过程是如何工作的，他们就可以开始针对分子钟来减速衰老。他补充说，可能人类可以通过激活我们眼睛内的分子钟来帮助维持视力。“这可能是通过饮食、药物、生活方式的改变...他说，许多真正有趣的研究还在后面。”
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