网络戾气为何越来越重？
昨天的文章推送后，有小伙伴建议做一篇“网络戾气”的话题，我们今天就一起来看看吧。
无注释原文：
The psychology of Internet rage
May 17, 2018
By Adam P. Stern
From: Harvard Health Publishing
Have you ever noticed that you tend to get a lot angrier on the road with other drivers than you do with people in the rest of your life? To a large degree, the experience of road rage is universal, and can be explained by the emotional distance that is created between drivers when there is both physical separation and a high potential for perceived slights and wrongdoing. The relative anonymity of driving leads to an exaggerated emotional response when feeling slighted or threatened, in part because all you may know of the other driver is that he or she just cut you off. It makes sense that you might react more angrily in that situation than if the same interaction occurred in another real-life setting.
Now if you accept the premise that separation and relative anonymity increase the potential for rage, imagine what the anonymity and dehumanization of the Internet does to virtual interactions. It is well documented that online comment sections too often become a hub for threats, heated arguments, and name calling.
Let’s explore why this might happen.
In 2016, FiveThirtyEight.com performed an extensive survey of 8,500 commenters to better understand the nature of their behavior. It found that commenters tended to be younger than 40 and predominantly male. Commenters also stated that they commented primarily in order to correct an error, add to the discussion, give their personal perspectives, and represent their views. Less often, they were trying to be funny, praise content, ask a question to learn, or share their own thoughts. So, we can acknowledge that there is a certain self-selection in the Internet commentary world that will lead to many comments being oppositional, even if most readers do not perceive the article this way.
But why do online commenters so often seem rageful in their opposition?
One explanation begins with the knowledge that the content most likely to elicit impassioned responses is on the very subjects that people feel affect them personally. The majority of Internet commenters know something about the topics being discussed, and often their personal experience does not align with the viewpoint of the author. Put another way, they may feel that this firsthand experience makes them more knowledgeable than the author, while the author may only have theoretical experience or none at all. Because commenters so often identify personally with the topic for this reason, the magnitude of their emotional response can be amplified, sometimes leading to stronger language than they would use in the real world. This is the case even when topics are written by so-called experts. This may be attributed to a principle in psychology known as the “backfire effect” — that is, people often become counterintuitively more entrenched in their position when presented with data that conflicts with their beliefs.
Even when commenters read entire articles, hostile comments are often formed out of defiance rather than ignorance of evidence presented by the author. The Dunning-Kruger effect may be at play here. This principle states that a person’s perception of what they have read and the content they’ve actually read often do not align well. In other words, a person may read an article whose focus is on one area, but become attentionally derailed by a strong emotional response provoked early in the piece. The provocative nature of Internet headlines are in fact designed to elicit such emotional responses in order to gain additional page views. One result is that many readers come away very quickly feeling attacked or misrepresented by information when that was not necessarily the article’s objective or focus. With the inherent anonymity and seclusion of Internet use, it is not hard to see how reasonable online decorum so often fails to hold under such circumstances.
There is little that you as an individual can do about the nature of the Internet, but you can choose how you interact with it. Good mental health around Internet use likely revolves around limiting your use to content arenas that promote your best self by allowing you to be productive and enjoy the time you spend on the web. If sites or posts seem to make you rageful, it may not be worth continuing to engage in this way. This is one aspect of online interactions where you have a lot of control.
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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
The psychology of Internet rage
May 17, 2018
By Adam P. Stern
From: Harvard Health Publishing
Have you ever noticed that you tend to get a lot angrier on the road with other drivers than you do with people in the rest of your life? To a large degree, the experience of road rage is universal, and can be explained by the emotional distance that is created between drivers when there is both physical separation and a high potential for perceived slights and wrongdoing. The relative anonymity of driving leads to an exaggerated emotional response when feeling slighted or threatened, in part because all you may know of the other driver is that he or she just cut you off. It makes sense that you might react more angrily in that situation than if the same interaction occurred in another real-life setting.
你有没有注意到，你在路上对其他司机的愤怒往往比你在生活中对他人的愤怒要多得多？在很大程度上，“路怒症”的经历是普遍的，可以用司机之间的情感距离来解释。当物理分离并且很有可能被认为是轻视和不当行为时，司机之间会产生情感距离。驾驶的相对匿名性导致了在感觉受到轻视或威胁时产生夸张的情绪反应，部分原因是你对其他司机的了解可能只是他或她刚刚挡住了你。在这种情况下，你可能会比在另一个现实生活场景中发生同样的互动时反应更愤怒，这是有道理的。
rage
rage作动词，表示“肆虐；迅速蔓延；快速扩散”，英文解释为“You say that something powerful or unpleasant rages when it continues with great force or violence.”举个🌰：
Train service was halted as the fire raged for more than four hours.
火车停运了，因为大火肆虐了四个多小时。
作名词，表示“（一阵）盛怒；（一阵）狂怒；（一阵）暴怒”，英文解释为“(a period of) extreme or violent anger”举个🌰：
Her sudden towering rages were terrifying.
她突然暴跳如雷，很吓人。
短语：
📍be (all) the rage表示“风靡一时，非常时兴，十分流行”（to be very popular at a particular time），此前在印度新婚夫妇在自家厕所自拍可获政府奖励文中就提到Pre-wedding toilet selfies are becoming all the rage in Madhya Pradesh. 印度人婚前在厕所自拍非常盛行，再举个🌰：
Long hair for men was all the rage in the 70s.
在70年代，男人留长发风靡一时。
📍下文出现了rageful，rage+ful，构成形容词，相当于full of anger or rage，表示“狂怒的；怒不可遏的”。
road rage
表示“公路暴怒，路怒；公路暴力（指司机之间常因恶劣的驾驶条件而动怒或诉诸暴力）”，英文解释为“anger or violence between drivers, often caused by difficult driving conditions”举个🌰：
Earlier today a man was arrested for attacking a motorist in a road rage incident.
在今天早些时候发生的一起公路暴力事件中，一名男子因攻击一名驾车者而被捕。
universal
表示“普遍的；全体的；共同的”，英文解释为“existing everywhere or involving everyone”如：a universal truth 普遍真理。
perceive
1）表示“感知，察觉，注意到，意识到”，英文解释为“to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious”举个🌰：
He perceived a tiny figure in the distance.
他注意到远处有个很小的身影。
2）表示“认为；看待；视为”，英文解释为“to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something”举个🌰：
How do the French perceive the British?
法国人是如何看待英国人的？
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述比特币的文章中提到：Scarcity is a trait of many things that are perceived to have value. 稀缺性正是许多被视为有价值的事物共有的特征。
slight
作形容词，比较熟悉表示“少量的，微小的”，英文解释为“small in amount or degree”如：a slight improvement 略微的改善。
作动词，表示“轻视，冷落；怠慢”，英文解释为“to insult someone by ignoring them or treating them as if not important”举个🌰：
I felt slighted when my boss thanked everyone but me for their hard work.
我的老板感谢了每个人所付出的艰辛劳动，唯独没有感谢我，这让我感到自己受到了轻视。
作名词，表示“轻视；冷落”，英文解释为“an action that insults a person because someone fails to pay attention to them or to treat them with the respect that they deserve”举个🌰：
I regarded her failure to acknowledge my greeting as a slight.
她没有理会我的问候，我认为这是在轻视我。
wrongdoing
表示“违法行为；不道德行为；做坏事；违法犯罪”，英文解释为“a bad or an illegal action”举个🌰：
She has strenuously denied any criminal wrongdoing.
她坚决否认有任何违法行为。
anonymity
anonymity /ˌæn.ɒnˈɪm.ə.ti/ 表示“匿名；无名；不公开姓名”，英文解释为“the situation in which someone's name is not given or known”举个🌰：
The police have reassured witnesses that they will be guaranteed anonymity.
警方让目击证人放心，保证不公开他们的姓名。
exaggerate
exaggerate /ɪɡˈzædʒ.ə.reɪt/ 表示“夸张；夸大；对…言过其实”，英文解释为“to make something seem larger, more important, better, or worse than it really is”举个🌰：
Don't exaggerate - it wasn't that expensive.
不要言过其实——没有那么贵。
interaction
表示“交流，交往；相互作用，相互影响”，英文解释为“an occasion when two or more people or things communicate with or react to each other”举个🌰：
There's not enough interaction between the management and the workers.
管理部门与工人之间的沟通不够。
Now if you accept the premise that separation and relative anonymity increase the potential for rage, imagine what the anonymity and dehumanization of the Internet does to virtual interactions. It is well documented that online comment sections too often become a hub for threats, heated arguments, and name calling.
现在，如果你认可了分离和相对匿名性增加愤怒的可能性这一前提，想象一下互联网的匿名性和非真人化对虚拟互动的影响。有资料显示，网上评论区经常成为威胁、激烈争论和辱骂的聚集地。
premise
表示“前提；假定”，英文解释为“a statement or an idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of argument”，如：the basic premise of her argument 她的论证的基本前提，a false premise 错误的前提。
dehumanization
表示“去人性化；非人化；非人性化”，英文解释为“the process of depriving a person or group of positive human qualities.”
well-documented
表示“有大量文件记载的；书面证据充分的；显而易见的”，英文解释为“having been often recorded”举个🌰：
The medicinal value of garlic is well documented.
有大量文献记载了大蒜的药用价值。
hub
hub一词可以理解为“（某地/活动）中心，枢纽，核心”，如：the commercial hub of the city 城市的商业中心，a hub airport 大型中转机场，举个🌰：
name-calling
表示“辱骂，骂人”，英文解释为“the act of insulting someone by calling them rude names”
Let’s explore why this might happen.
让我们探讨一下为什么会发生这种情况。
In 2016, FiveThirtyEight.com performed an extensive survey of 8,500 commenters to better understand the nature of their behavior. It found that commenters tended to be younger than 40 and predominantly male. Commenters also stated that they commented primarily in order to correct an error, add to the discussion, give their personal perspectives, and represent their views. Less often, they were trying to be funny, praise content, ask a question to learn, or share their own thoughts. So, we can acknowledge that there is a certain self-selection in the Internet commentary world that will lead to many comments being oppositional, even if most readers do not perceive the article this way.
2016年，FiveThirtyEight.com网站对8,500名评论者进行了普查，以更好地理解他们的行为本质。调查发现，评论者往往不到40岁，而且主要是男性。评论者还表示，他们评论主要是为了纠正错误、增加讨论、给出个人观点和表示已读。他们很少表现得有趣、赞扬内容、提出问题来学习或分享自己的想法。因此，我们可以承认，互联网评论界存在着一定的自我选择，这将导致许多评论是对立的，即使大多数读者并不这样看待这篇文章。
predominantly
表示“占主导地位地；占绝大多数地；显着地”，英文解释为“mostly or mainly”如：a predominantly Muslim community 穆斯林占绝大多数的社区，举个🌰：
She is predominantly a dancer, but she also sings.
她主要是跳舞，但也唱歌。
perspective
表示“（思考问题的）角度，观点，想法”，英文解释为“a particular way of considering something”举个🌰：
Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject.
她的态度为这一问题提供了新的视角。
oppositional
1）表示“对立的”，英文解释为“relating to or based on one group opposing another”如：oppositional politics 对立性的政治；
2）表示“拒绝听从指挥的”，英文解释为“refusing to obey instructions or to do what people want you to do”举个🌰：
These children are not just being oppositional for no reason.
这些孩子并不是无缘无故地不听话。
But why do online commenters so often seem rageful in their opposition?
但是，为什么网上的评论者经常在反对中显得怒不可遏？
One explanation begins with the knowledge that the content most likely to elicit impassioned responses is on the very subjects that people feel affect them personally. The majority of Internet commenters know something about the topics being discussed, and often their personal experience does not align with the viewpoint of the author. Put another way, they may feel that this firsthand experience makes them more knowledgeable than the author, while the author may only have theoretical experience or none at all.
一种解释是，最有可能引起激烈反应的内容正是人们认为影响他们个人的话题。大多数互联网评论者对所讨论的话题有所了解，而他们的个人经历往往与作者的观点不一致。换句话说，他们可能会觉得这种亲身经历让他们比作者更有见识，而作者可能只有理论经验，或者根本没有。
elicit
elicit /iˈlɪs.ɪt/ 表示“引出，探出，诱出（尤指信息或反应）”，英文解释为“to get or produce something, especially information or a reaction”举个🌰：
Have you managed to elicit a response from them yet?
你设法探到他们的反应了吗？
📍此前Jasper对着每个镜头道歉文中出现的表达：These children tell their parents those things that will elicit praise and hide the parts of their lives that won't. 这些孩子会告诉父母那些可以赢得赞扬的事情，隐瞒自己生活中不会受到赞赏的事情。
impassioned
表示“充满激情的；热烈的”，英文解释为“showing strong feelings about sth”如：an impassioned speech 充满激情的讲话。
align
1）表示“排整齐；校准；（尤指）使成一条直线”，英文解释为“to arrange sth in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to sth else, especially in a straight line”举个🌰：
Make sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the cupboard.
务必使搁架与橱柜顶端对齐。
2）表示“使一致”，英文解释为“to change sth slightly so that it is in the correct relationship to sth else”举个🌰：
Prices have been aligned with those in world markets.
价格已调整到与世界市场一致。
firsthand
表示“第一手地；直接地”，英文解释为“If you experience something firsthand, you experience it yourself.”举个🌰：
Most of the older reporters have experienced war firsthand.
大多数年长的记者都亲身经历过战争。
theoretical
theoretical /θɪəˈret.ɪ.kəl/表示“理论上的；纯理论的”，英文解释为“based on the ideas that relate to a subject, not the practical uses of that subject”如：theoretical physics 理论物理。
Because commenters so often identify personally with the topic for this reason, the magnitude of their emotional response can be amplified, sometimes leading to stronger language than they would use in the real world. This is the case even when topics are written by so-called experts. This may be attributed to a principle in psychology known as the “backfire effect” — that is, people often become counterintuitively more entrenched in their position when presented with data that conflicts with their beliefs.
由于评论者常常出于这个原因而对话题产生个人认同感，他们的情绪反应程度可能会被放大，有时会导致比他们在现实世界中使用的语言更强烈。即使话题是由所谓的专家撰写的，情况也是如此。这可能归因于心理学中被称为“逆火效应”（the backfire effect）的原则——也就是说，当人们看到与他们的信念相冲突的数据时，他们往往会违反直觉地更加坚定自己的立场。
magnitude
magnitude /ˈmæɡ.nɪ.tʃuːd/ 表示“（尺寸、规模、重要性等）大的程度；巨大；重大，重要性”，英文解释为“the large size or importance of something”举个🌰：
They don't seem to grasp the magnitude of the problem.
他们似乎未领会问题的重要性。
amplify
表示“增强，放大”，英文解释为“To amplify something means to increase its strength or intensity.”举个🌰：
These stories only amplified her fears.
这些故事徒增了她的恐惧感。
principle
1）表示“原理；原则”，英文解释为“a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works”如：the principles of the criminal justice system 刑事审判制度的原则。
2）表示“（行为）准则；道德；为人之道”，英文解释为“a moral rule or standard of good behaviour”举个🌰：
She doesn't have any principles.
她毫无道德可言。
the backfire effect
心理学概念，逆火效应（the backfire effect）是指，当一个错误的信息被更正后，如果更正的信息与人原本的看法相违背，它反而会加深人们对这条（原本）错误的信息的信任。The backfire effect is the tendency of some people to resist accepting evidence that conflicts with their beliefs. The effect is demonstrated when people presented with that conflicting information become even more convinced of their original beliefs rather than questioning them.
backfire
1）表示“（引擎）发生回火”，英文解释为“(of an engine) to make a loud noise as a result of fuel burning too early”举个🌰：
I was woken by the sound of a truck backfiring.
卡车引擎的回火声把我惊醒了。
2）表示“事与愿违，（计划或行动）发生意外，产生事与愿违的结果”，英文解释为“if a plan or action backfires, it has the opposite effect to the one you intended”，举个🌰：
The company's new policy backfired when a number of employees threatened to quit.
公司的新政策事与愿违，有好几名员工威胁说要辞职。
🎬电影《被拒人生》（Freeheld）中的台词提到：Listen to me, listen to me, this is a circus, it's gonna backfire. 听我说，这有些儿戏了，会适得其反的。
counterintuitively
形容词性counterintuitive，表示“（想法、提议等）违反常理的，反直觉的”，英文解释为“(of an idea, proposal, etc) seemingly contrary to common sense”；
📍intuitive本身表示“（出于）直觉的”（an intuitive idea is based on a feeling rather than on knowledge or facts），而前缀counter-表示“（用于构词）表示相反或相对”（Counter- is used to form words which refer to actions or activities that are intended to prevent other actions or activities or that respond to them.）如：counter-terrorism 反恐，counter-example 反面例子，counterproductive 产生相反效果的，适得其反的。
近义词对比：
📍instinctive表示“本能的；天性的；直觉的”（based on instinct and not involving thought）
entrenched
entrenched /ɪnˈtrentʃt/ 表示“牢固确立的；根深蒂固的；积重难返的”，英文解释为“Entrenched ideas are so fixed or have existed for so long that they cannot be changed.”举个🌰：
It's very difficult to change attitudes that have become so deeply entrenched over the years.
改变多年以来形成的根深蒂固的旧看法是很困难的。
🎬电影《别让我走》（Never Let Me Go）中的台词提到：The tide is with the entrenched mindset, with values that are still unexamined 他们固步自封 抱残守缺 坚守着未经证实的价值观。
Even when commenters read entire articles, hostile comments are often formed out of defiance rather than ignorance of evidence presented by the author. The Dunning-Kruger effect may be at play here. This principle states that a person’s perception of what they have read and the content they’ve actually read often do not align well. In other words, a person may read an article whose focus is on one area, but become attentionally derailed by a strong emotional response provoked early in the piece. The provocative nature of Internet headlines are in fact designed to elicit such emotional responses in order to gain additional page views.
即使评论者阅读了整篇文章，充满敌意的评论也往往是出于对作者提供的证据的蔑视而不是无知。邓宁-克鲁格效应（the Dunning-Kruger effect）可能在这里发挥了作用。这一原则指出，一个人对他们所阅读内容的理解和他们实际阅读的内容通常不太一致。换句话说，一个人可能读了一篇专注于一个领域的文章，但在文章开头引发的强烈情绪反应导致了注意力受到干扰（最后仅仅部分理解或者错误理解了作者观点）。互联网标题党实际上是为了引发这种情绪反应，以获得更多页面浏览量。
the Dunning-Kruger effect
邓宁-克鲁格效应（Dunning-Kruger effect），简称邓克效应或达克效应（DK effect），是一种认知偏差，能力欠缺的人有一种虚幻的自我优越感，错误地认为自己比真实情况更加优秀。The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias whereby people with low ability, expertise, or experience regarding a certain type of a task or area of knowledge tend to overestimate their ability or knowledge. Some researchers also include in their definition the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills.（Wikipedia）
perception
1）表示“认识，观念，看法”，英文解释为“a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based on how things seem”举个🌰：
These photographs will affect people's perceptions of war.
这些照片会影响人们对战争的看法。
2）表示“知觉；感知”，英文解释为“the way you notice things, especially with the senses”如：visual perception 视觉；
🎬电影《失落的大陆》（Land of the Lost）中的台词提到：he has terrible depth perception 他的深度感知力很差。
derail
derail /dɪˈreɪl/ 1）表示“打乱（原定计划）；阻挠”，英文解释为“To derail something such as a plan or a series of negotiations means to prevent it from continuing as planned.”举个🌰：
Renewed fighting threatens to derail the peace talks.
重燃的战火对和谈构成了威胁。
2）表示“脱轨”，英文解释为“If a train is derailed or if it derails, it comes off the track on which it is running.”举个🌰：
At least two people were killed when a train was derailed in an isolated mountain region.
火车在一片偏僻的山区脱轨，导致至少两人死亡。
📺美剧《24小时》（24）第八季中的台词提到：but the allegations alone could derail the peace process. 但光这谣言就能破坏和谈进程。
🎬电影《超级8》（Super 8）第八季中的台词提到：How could a pick-up truck derail a train? That's impossible. 一辆卡车怎么能让整个火车脱轨 不可能啊。
provoke
1）表示“激起，引起”，英文解释为“to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one”，如：provoke debate/discussion 激起辩论/讨论。
2）表示“激怒，挑衅”，英文解释为“to make or try to make a person or an animal angry”举个🌰：
It was a vicious-looking dog and I didn't want to provoke it.
那只狗看起来很凶，我可不想招惹它。
provocative
1）表示“（通常指故意地）使人生气的，挑衅的，煽动的”，英文解释为“If you describe something as provocative, you mean that it is intended to make people react angrily or argue against it.”举个🌰：
He has made a string of outspoken and sometimes provocative speeches in recent years.
他最近几年做了一系列直言不讳的、有时带有挑衅的演说。
2）表示“引发思考的，启发性的”，英文解释为“causing thought about interesting subjects”举个🌰：
The programme will take a detailed and provocative look at the problem of homelessness.
这个节目将以启发性的眼光详细审视无家可归这个问题。
One result is that many readers come away very quickly feeling attacked or misrepresented by information when that was not necessarily the article’s objective or focus. With the inherent anonymity and seclusion of Internet use, it is not hard to see how reasonable online decorum so often fails to hold under such circumstances.
一个结果是，许多读者很快就会感到受冒犯或被误导，然而这并不一定是文章的意图或重点。由于互联网的使用存在固有的匿名性和隐蔽性，在这种情况下不难看出，合理的网上礼仪往往无法维持。
misrepresent
表示“不如实地叙述（或说明）；误传；歪曲；诈称”，英文解释为“to describe falsely an idea, opinion, or situation, often in order to get an advantage”举个🌰：
I've grown used to my views being misrepresented in the press.
我已经对新闻界歪曲我的观点习以为常了。
inherent
inherent /ɪnˈher.ənt/ /ɪnˈhɪə.rənt/ 表示“内在的；固有的，生来就有的”，英文解释为“existing as a natural or basic part of something”举个🌰：There are dangers/risks inherent in almost every sport. 几乎每种运动本身都带有危险/风险。
seclusion
seclusion /sɪˈkluːʒn/ 表示“清静；隐居；与世隔绝；退隐”，英文解释为“the state of being alone, away from other people”举个🌰：
He's been living in seclusion since he retired from acting.
自从他退出演艺圈以来，一直过着隐居的生活。
📍在中华人民共和国恢复联合国合法席位50周年纪念会议上的讲话中提到：我们应该顺应历史大势，坚持合作、不搞对抗，坚持开放、不搞封闭，坚持互利共赢、不搞零和博弈，It falls upon us to follow the prevailing trend of history, and choose cooperation over confrontation, openness over seclusion, and mutual benefit over zero-sum games.
decorum
decorum /dɪˈkɔː.rəm/ 表示“礼貌得体；稳重，端庄”，英文解释为“behaviour that is controlled, calm, and polite”举个🌰：
I was treated with decorum and respect throughout the investigation.
整个调查当中我受到了礼遇和尊重。
There is little that you as an individual can do about the nature of the Internet, but you can choose how you interact with it. Good mental health around Internet use likely revolves around limiting your use to content arenas that promote your best self by allowing you to be productive and enjoy the time you spend on the web. If sites or posts seem to make you rageful, it may not be worth continuing to engage in this way. This is one aspect of online interactions where you have a lot of control.
作为个人，你对互联网的性质几乎无能为力，但你可以选择如何与它互动。关于互联网使用的良好心理健康，可能重点是将你的使用限制在内容领域，这些领域通过让你提高效率并享受花费在网上的时间来提升你的最佳自我。如果网站或帖子似乎让你感到愤怒，那么继续以这种方式参与可能不值得。这是网上互动的一个方面，你有很大的控制权。
interact
表示“交流，交往；互相作用，互相影响”，英文解释为“to communicate with or react to”举个🌰：
Her teacher says that she interacts well with the other children.
她的老师说她与别的孩子相处得很好。
revolve around sb/sth
表示“以…为中心；以…为主题；围绕…”，英文解释为“to have someone or something as the main or most important interest or subject”举个🌰：
The conversation revolved around childcare problems.
这次会谈的中心议题是儿童保育方面的问题。
arena
arena /əˈriːnə/ 表示“（体育比赛或表演用的）场地，竞技场，剧场；斗争场所；竞争舞台；活动场所”，英文解释为“a large, flat area surrounded by seats used for sports or entertainment”如：an Olympic/a sports arena 奥运会/运动会比赛场地，the international arena 国际舞台。
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LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2022年7月18日
第2718天
每天持续行动学外语