刚刚，2022年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓

北京时间10月3日下午17:30，瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩卡罗琳医学院，2022年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓：斯万特·帕博（Svante Pääbo）获奖，以表彰他在已灭绝的古人类基因组和人类进化方面的发现（for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution）。

The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Svante Pääbo “for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.”

斯万特·佩博（瑞典语：Svante Pääbo，又译为施温提·柏保，1955年4月20日－），他的父亲苏恩·伯格斯特龙（瑞典语：Sune Karl Bergström）是瑞典生物化学家，也是1982年诺贝尔生理学与医学奖得主。

无注释原文：

The 2022 Nobel Prize In Physiology/Medicine Awarded To Svante Paabo

Forbes

The 2022 Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology has been won by Svante Paabo, the Swedish geneticist, for his discoveries concerning human evolution. The award was announced on Monday, October 3.

In his 1895 will, Alfred Nobel, the Swedish polymath and inventor of dynamite, bequeathed the majority of his estate to create five prizes (Chemistry, Physics, and Physiology/Medicine plus one in literature and one for peace), recognizing “those, who during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.” The first awards were conferred in 1901. A sixth award, not technically a Nobel, was established in 1968; it’s the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

In 2020, the Nobel Foundation’s Board of Directors increased the Nobel Prize amount to 10 million kroner (equal to a bit more than $1.1 million) per prize category.

Prior to this year’s award, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine had been awarded 112 times to 224 Nobel Prize laureates (212 men and 12 women) since its beginning in 1901. Last year, the award was shared by David Julius of the University of California at San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian of Scripps Research and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, “for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.”

Paabo, whose specialty is evolutionary genetics, was awarded the Nobel Prize “for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.” His contributions were further summarized in the Nobel press release as follows:

Through his pioneering research, Svante Pääbo accomplished something seemingly impossible: sequencing the genome of the Neanderthal, an extinct relative of present-day humans. He also made the sensational discovery of a previously unknown hominin, Denisova. Importantly, Pääbo also found that gene transfer had occurred from these now extinct hominins to Homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa around 70,000 years ago. This ancient flow of genes to present-day humans has physiological relevance today, for example affecting how our immune system reacts to infections.

Pääbo’s seminal research gave rise to an entirely new scientific discipline: paleogenomics. By revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, his discoveries provide the basis for exploring what makes us uniquely human.

Born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1955, Svante Paabo earned his PhD degree from the University of Uppsala in 1986. He completed postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Zürich and also the University of California, Berkeley.

Paabo was appointed Professor at the University of Munich, Germany in 1990. In 1999 he founded the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany where he is still active. He also holds a position as adjunct Professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan.

Paabo’s father was the biochemist Sune Bergström, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane in 1982. Paabo, who is a member of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, has won many awards for his groundbreaking discoveries including the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the Kistler Prize and the Dan David Prize.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

The 2022 Nobel Prize In Physiology/Medicine Awarded To Svante Paabo

Forbes

The 2022 Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology has been won by Svante Paabo, the Swedish geneticist, for his discoveries concerning human evolution. The award was announced on Monday, October 3.

2022年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖颁发给瑞典遗传学家斯万特·帕博（Svante Pääbo），以表彰他在人类进化方面的发现。该奖项于10月3日星期一宣布。

physiology

physiology /ˌfɪzɪˈɒlədʒɪ/ 表示“生理学”，英文解释为“(the scientific study of) the way in which the bodies of living things work”。

geneticist

geneticist /dʒəˈnet.ɪ.sɪst/ 表示“遗传学家”，英文解释为“a person who studies genetics”

In his 1895 will, Alfred Nobel, the Swedish polymath and inventor of dynamite, bequeathed the majority of his estate to create five prizes (Chemistry, Physics, and Physiology/Medicine plus one in literature and one for peace), recognizing “those, who during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.” The first awards were conferred in 1901. A sixth award, not technically a Nobel, was established in 1968; it’s the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

1895年，瑞典博学大师、炸药发明者阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔（Alfred Nobel）立嘱将其遗产的大部分设立五个奖项（化学、物理学和生理学/医学奖，外加一个文学奖和一个和平奖），以表彰“那些在过去一年中为人类带来最大贡献的人”。第一个奖项是在1901年颁发的。第六个奖项，严格来说不是诺贝尔奖，是1968年设立的，瑞典中央银行纪念阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔经济学奖。

will

熟词僻义，这里作为名词表示“遗嘱”，英文解释为“a legal document that says who you want your money and property to be given to after you die”举个🌰：

Have you made a will yet?

你立遗嘱了吗？

polymath

polymath /ˈpɒl.i.mæθ/ 表示“博学的人”，英文解释为“a person who knows a lot about many different subjects”

dynamite

dynamite /ˈdaɪ.nə.maɪt/ 表示“黄色炸药，达纳炸药，甘油炸药”，英文解释为“a type of explosive”如：a stick of dynamite 一根达纳炸药。

bequeath

bequeath /bɪˈkwiːð/ 表示“把…遗赠给”，英文解释为“to arrange for money or property to be given to somebody after your death”举个🌰：

Her father bequeathed her the family fortune in his will.

她父亲在遗嘱中写明将家产传给她。

preceding

preceding /prɪˈsiː.dɪŋ/ 表示“在前的，在先的，前面的”，英文解释为“existing or happening before someone or something”举个🌰：

The paintings are a development of ideas she explored in the preceding decade.

这些画是她过去10年以来思想探索的成果。

confer

confer /kənˈfɜːr/ 1）表示“授予（称号、荣誉）；赋予（优势）”，英文解释为“to give an official title, honour, or advantage to someone”举个🌰：

An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Peking University.

北京大学授予他荣誉博士学位。

2）表示“（常指为达成行动决议而）商讨，商议，协商”，英文解释为“to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take”举个🌰：

I need some time to confer with my lawyer.

我想花点时间跟我的律师商量一下。

🎬电影《小妇人》（Little Women）中的台词提到：No, writing doesn't confer importance. It reflects it. 不 写作并不能让一件事情变得重要 只能反映其重要性。

In 2020, the Nobel Foundation’s Board of Directors increased the Nobel Prize amount to 10 million kroner (equal to a bit more than $1.1 million) per prize category.

2020年，诺贝尔基金会董事会将每个诺贝尔奖项奖金增加到1000万克朗（相当于110万美元多一点）。

board of directors

表示“董事会，理事会”，英文解释为“the group of people who shareholders choose to manage a company or organization”。

krone

krone /ˈkrəʊ.nə/ 表示“克朗（丹麦和挪威货币单位）”，英文解释为“the standard unit of money used in Denmark and Norway”，复数 kroner.

Prior to this year’s award, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine had been awarded 112 times to 224 Nobel Prize laureates (212 men and 12 women) since its beginning in 1901. Last year, the award was shared by David Julius of the University of California at San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian of Scripps Research and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, “for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.”

在今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁奖之前，自1901年设立以来，共有224名诺贝尔奖获得者（212名男性和12名女性）获得了112次诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。去年，加州大学旧金山分校的戴维·朱利叶斯（David Julius）和斯克里普斯研究所、霍华德·休斯医学研究所的雅顿·帕塔普蒂安（Ardem Patapoutian）共同获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，“因为他们发现温度和触觉感受器。”

laureate

laureate /ˈlɔːrɪɪt/ 表示“荣誉获得者；获奖者”，英文解释为“a person who has been given an official honour or prize for sth important they have achieved”，如：a Nobel laureate 诺贝尔奖获得者。

receptor

表示“感受器；受体”，英文解释为“a nerve ending which receives information about changes in light, heat etc and causes the body to react in particular ways”。

Paabo, whose specialty is evolutionary genetics, was awarded the Nobel Prize “for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.” His contributions were further summarized in the Nobel press release as follows:

帕博的专业是进化遗传学，他被授予诺贝尔奖，“以表彰他在已灭绝的古人类基因组和人类进化方面的发现。”诺贝尔奖官方新闻稿进一步总结了他的贡献如下：

specialty

specialty /ˈspeʃ.əl.ti/ 表示“专业；专长”，英文解释为“a subject that someone knows a lot about”举个🌰：

His specialty is computer science.

他的专业是计算机科学。

genome

genome /ˈdʒiː.noʊm/ 表示“基因组，染色体组”，英文解释为“the complete set of genetic material of a human, animal, plant, or other living thing”

extinct

表示“灭绝的；绝种的；消失的”，英文解释为“not now existing”举个🌰：

There is concern that the giant panda will soon become extinct.

有人担心大熊猫不久就会灭绝。

hominin

hominin /ˈhɒm.ɪ.nɪn/ 表示“人类；原始人类”，英文解释为“a human, or an early form of human”

Through his pioneering research, Svante Pääbo accomplished something seemingly impossible: sequencing the genome of the Neanderthal, an extinct relative of present-day humans. He also made the sensational discovery of a previously unknown hominin, Denisova. Importantly, Pääbo also found that gene transfer had occurred from these now extinct hominins to Homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa around 70,000 years ago. This ancient flow of genes to present-day humans has physiological relevance today, for example affecting how our immune system reacts to infections.

通过他的开创性研究，斯万特·帕博完成了一件看似不可能的事情：对尼安德特人（Neanderthal）的基因组进行测序，尼安德特人是当今人类的灭绝亲属。他还轰动性地发现了一种前所未知的古人类丹尼索瓦人（Denisova）。重要的是，帕博还发现，大约7万年前，随着人类从非洲迁出后，基因从这些现已灭绝的古人类转移到了智人身上。这种古老的基因流向现今的人类，在今天具有生理上的意义，例如影响我们的免疫系统对感染的反应。

pioneering

pioneering /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə.rɪŋ/ 表示“先驱性的，开创性的”，英文解释为“using ideas and methods that have never been used before”如：pioneering techniques 创新技术。

sequence

sequence /ˈsiː.kwəns/ 作名词，表示“一连串；一系列；顺序，次序”，英文解释为“a series of related things or events, or the order in which they follow each other”举个🌰：

The tasks had to be performed in a particular sequence.

这些任务必须按一定次序去执行。

作动词，表示“测定DNA的序列”，英文解释为“to discover the order in which nucleotides (= chemical substances) are combined within DNA”举个🌰：、Researchers sequenced the full genome of a rat.

研究者们测定了大鼠基因组的全部序列。

sensational

sensational /senˈseɪ.ʃən.əl/ 1）表示“极好的；绝妙的；出众的”，英文解释为“very good, exciting, or unusual”如：a sensational sports car/dress 极好的跑车/连衣裙。

2）表示“（新闻报道或文章）意在引起轰动的，耸人听闻的”，英文解释为“Sensational news reports and articles are intended to be shocking and exciting rather than serious.”举个🌰：

Some of the more sensational newspapers have given a lot of coverage to the scandal.

一些更耸人听闻的报纸以很大篇幅报道了这一丑闻。

Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens /ˌhəʊ.məʊ ˈsæp.i.enz/ 表示“人类；智人”，英文解释为“modern humans considered together as a species”

Homo /ˈhəʊ.məʊ/ 表示“（生物属名）人属（包括现代人和其他已灭绝的人种）”，英文解释为“the genus (= biological group) that includes modern humans and other extinct human species”举个🌰：

The tools might have been made by an as-yet-undiscovered early species of the genus Homo.

这些工具可能是由现在尚未发现的早期人类制造的。

migration

migration /maɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/ 表示“（动物应季节变化而作出的）迁徙，移栖”，英文解释为“the process of animals travelling to a different place, usually when the season changes”举个🌰：

Christmas Island is known for its annual migration of 50 million bright red land crabs from the forest to the sea.

圣诞岛闻名于世的奇观是岛上的五千万只鲜红色陆蟹每年会从森林向海里移栖。

immune

1）表示“有免疫力”，英文解释为“cannot catch or be affected by a particular disease or illness”举个🌰：

Adults are often immune to German measles.

成人往往对风疹有免疫力。

2）表示“不受影响”，英文解释为“not affected by sth”举个🌰：

You'll eventually become immune to criticism.

你终究会不用在乎批评了。

3）表示“受保护；免除；豁免”，英文解释为“protected from sth and therefore able to avoid it”举个🌰：

No one should be immune from prosecution.

任何人都不应免于被起诉。

Pääbo’s seminal research gave rise to an entirely new scientific discipline: paleogenomics. By revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, his discoveries provide the basis for exploring what makes us uniquely human.

帕博的开创性研究催生了一门全新的科学学科：古基因组学（paleogenomics）。通过揭示区分所有活着人类和灭绝人类的基因差异，他的发现为探索是什么让我们成为独特的人类提供了基础。

seminal

表示“（对以后的发展）影响深远的，有重大意义的；（文章、书等）开创性的，有重大影响的”，英文解释为“a seminal article, book etc is important, and influences the way things develop in the future formal”，如：a seminal study 开创性研究，a seminal work/article 有巨大影响的著作/文章。

distinguish

表示“辨别；区分”，英文解释为“If you can distinguish one thing from another or distinguish between two things, you can see or understand how they are different.”举个🌰：

Research suggests that babies learn to see by distinguishing between areas of light and dark.

研究显示婴儿是通过区分明亮区域和黑暗区域来学会观看的。

Born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1955, Svante Paabo earned his PhD degree from the University of Uppsala in 1986. He completed postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Zürich and also the University of California, Berkeley.

斯万特·帕博1955年出生于瑞典斯德哥尔摩（Stockholm），1986年获得乌普萨拉大学（University of Uppsala）博士学位。他在苏黎世大学和加州大学伯克利分校完成了博士后研究。

PhD

doctor of philosophy 的缩写，表示“（哲学）博士；（哲学）博士学位”，英文解释为“abbreviation for doctor of philosophy: the highest college or university degree, or someone who has this”如：a PhD student/thesis 博士生/论文。

Paabo was appointed Professor at the University of Munich, Germany in 1990. In 1999 he founded the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany where he is still active. He also holds a position as adjunct Professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan.

1990年，帕博被任命为德国慕尼黑大学的教授。1999年，他在德国莱比锡创立了马克斯·普朗克进化人类学研究所

，至今仍在那里工作。他还在日本冲绳科学技术大学院大学担任兼职教授。

adjunct professor

表示“兼职教授，客座教授，副教授”，An adjunct professor is a type of academic appointment in higher education who does not work at the establishment full-time.

Paabo’s father was the biochemist Sune Bergström, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane in 1982. Paabo, who is a member of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, has won many awards for his groundbreaking discoveries including the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the Kistler Prize and the Dan David Prize.

帕博的父亲是生物化学家苏恩·伯格斯特龙（Sune Bergström），1982年，其父亲与本特·I·萨缪尔森和约翰·R·韦恩一起获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。帕博是瑞典皇家科学院的成员，他的开创性发现获得了许多奖项，包括戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨奖、路易斯·简安特医学奖、奇斯特勒奖和丹·大卫奖。

groundbreaking

表示“开辟新天地的，独创的，开拓性的，里程碑性的”，英文解释为“You use groundbreaking to describe things which you think are significant because they provide new and positive ideas, and influence the way people think about things.” 如：groundbreaking research 开拓性的研究。

📍类似的上文出现了：pioneering / seminal.

- 今日盘点 -

physiology

geneticist

will

polymath

dynamite

bequeath

preceding

confer

board of directors

krone

laureate

receptor

specialty

genome

extinct

hominin

pioneering

sequence

sensational

Homo sapiens

migration

immune

seminal

distinguish

PhD

adjunct professor

groundbreaking

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