刚刚，2022年诺贝尔化学奖揭晓
无注释原文：
Nobel Prize in Chemistry Is Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work ‘Snapping Molecules Together’
From: The New York Times
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless on Wednesday for the development of click chemistry and bio-orthogonal chemistry — work that has “led to a revolution in how chemists think about linking molecules together,” the Nobel committee said.
Dr. Bertozzi is the eighth woman to be awarded the prize, and Dr. Sharpless is the fifth scientist to be honored with two Nobels, the committee noted.
Johan Aqvist, the chair of the chemistry committee, said that this year’s prize dealt with “not overcomplicating matters, instead working with what is easy and simple.”
“Click chemistry is almost like it sounds,” he said of a field whose name Dr. Sharpless coined in 2000. “It’s all about snapping molecules together. Imagine that you could attach small chemical buckles to different types of building blocks. Then you could link these buckles together and produce molecules of greater complexity and variation.”
Shortly after Dr. Sharpless coined the concept, both he and Dr. Meldal independently discovered a chemical reaction called copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, known today as the crown jewel of click chemistry.
“When this reaction was discovered, it was like opening the floodgates,” Olof Ramström, a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, said in a briefing after the laureates were announced. “We were using it everywhere, to build everything.”
Dr. Bertozzi, a chemist and professor at Stanford, was able to apply this reaction to biomolecules, often found on cell surfaces, in living organisms without affecting the chemistry of the cells she was observing. Before her extensive research with glycans, or sugar chains, scientists’ understanding of this subfield of glycobiology had been hampered by an inability to see molecules in action in living cells.
Her work “revolutionized the way we can analyze or see molecules in the living body,” Dr. Ramström said.
By pioneering a method for mapping biomolecules on the surface of cells, Dr. Bertozzi later devised a way to build click reactions, or complex molecules, inside living organisms. These so-called bio-orthogonal reactions have since been applied widely to pharmaceutical developments in cancer, DNA sequencing and material sciences.
“The field of click chemistry is still in its early phases,” Dr. Bertozzi said in a call after the announcement, adding that there were “many new reactions to be discovered and invented,” as well as new applications to be found in industries like biotech, and in treating and diagnosing illnesses.
She emphasized the importance of click therapy in medicine and “drug delivery,” which involves “doing chemistry inside living patients to make sure drugs go to the right place and not to the wrong place.”
“These are areas that will be very strongly impacted by click chemistry, and they already have been,” said Dr. Bertozzi, who earned her Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1993.
The Nobel committee said in a statement that “click chemistry and bio-orthogonal reactions have taken chemistry into the era of functionalism,” adding that “this is bringing the greatest benefit to humankind.”
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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Nobel Prize in Chemistry Is Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work ‘Snapping Molecules Together’
From: The New York Times
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless on Wednesday for the development of click chemistry and bio-orthogonal chemistry — work that has “led to a revolution in how chemists think about linking molecules together,” the Nobel committee said.
诺贝尔化学奖于周三授予卡罗琳·贝尔托西（Carolyn R. Bertozzi）、摩顿·梅尔达尔（Morten P. Meldal）和卡尔·巴里·夏普利斯（K. Barry Sharpless），表彰他们在点击化学（click chemistry）和生物正交化学领域的发展。诺贝尔委员会称，这些研究“推动了化学家思考如何将分子连接在一起的一场革命”。
orthogonal
molecule
Dr. Bertozzi is the eighth woman to be awarded the prize, and Dr. Sharpless is the fifth scientist to be honored with two Nobels, the committee noted.
委员会指出，贝尔托西博士是第八位获得该奖项的女性，夏普利斯博士是第五位获得两项诺贝尔奖的科学家。
Johan Aqvist, the chair of the chemistry committee, said that this year’s prize dealt with “not overcomplicating matters, instead working with what is easy and simple.”
化学委员会主席约翰·阿克维斯特（Johan Aqvist）说，今年的奖项“不是把事情复杂化，而是用简单易行的方式工作。”
overcomplicate
表示“使过分复杂化”，英文解释为“make something more complicated than necessary”
“Click chemistry is almost like it sounds,” he said of a field whose name Dr. Sharpless coined in 2000. “It’s all about snapping molecules together. Imagine that you could attach small chemical buckles to different types of building blocks. Then you could link these buckles together and produce molecules of greater complexity and variation.”
“点击化学就像听起来的那样，”他在谈到夏普莱斯博士2000年开创的这个领域时说。“这一切都是关于将分子断裂后耦合在一起。想象一下，你可以将小的化学搭扣连接到不同类型的积木上。然后你可以将这些搭扣连接在一起，产生更复杂、更多样化的分子。”
coin
snap
1）表示“突然折断，咔嚓一声折断”，英文解释为“to cause something that is thin to break suddenly and quickly with a cracking sound”举个🌰：
Some vandal's snapped off my car aerial again.
2）表示“拍照；摄影”，英文解释为“(informal) to take a photograph”举个🌰：
A passing tourist snapped the incident.
一个过路的游客把这件事拍了下来。
buckle
variation
Shortly after Dr. Sharpless coined the concept, both he and Dr. Meldal independently discovered a chemical reaction called copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, known today as the crown jewel of click chemistry.
夏普莱斯博士创造这个概念后不久，他和梅尔达尔博士都独立发现了一种被称为铜催化叠氮-炔环加成的化学反应，如今被称为点击化学王冠上的宝石。
copper
copper /ˈkɒp.ər/ 表示“铜”，英文解释为“a chemical element that is a reddish-brown metal, used especially for making wire and coins”如：copper wire/pipes 铜丝/管。
catalyze
美式 catalyze 英式 catalyse /ˈkæt.əl.aɪz/ 表示“催化”，英文解释为“to make a chemical reaction happen or happen more quickly by acting as a catalyst”举个🌰：
It was thought that only proteins could catalyse reactions in cells.
过去曾认为只有蛋白质才能催化细胞内的反应。
the jewel in the crown
the jewel in the crown指“王冠上的宝石，最珍贵的部分”，英文解释为“the best or most valuable part of something”
“When this reaction was discovered, it was like opening the floodgates,” Olof Ramström, a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, said in a briefing after the laureates were announced. “We were using it everywhere, to build everything.”
“当这种反应被发现时，就像开创了先河，”诺贝尔奖获得者宣布后，诺贝尔化学委员会成员奥洛夫·拉姆斯特伦（Olof Ramström）在简报会上说。“我们到处都在使用它，建造一切。”
open the floodgates
表示“引发更多同类事件；放开限制；打开闸门；使…一发不可收拾；使（感情）爆发”，英文解释为“If an action or a decision opens the floodgates, it allows something to happen a lot or allows many people to do something that was not previously allowed.”举个🌰：
Officials are worried that allowing these refugees into the country will open the floodgates to thousands more.
官员们担心，允许这些难民入境会引发数千其他难民的涌入。
laureate
Dr. Bertozzi, a chemist and professor at Stanford, was able to apply this reaction to biomolecules, often found on cell surfaces, in living organisms without affecting the chemistry of the cells she was observing. Before her extensive research with glycans, or sugar chains, scientists’ understanding of this subfield of glycobiology had been hampered by an inability to see molecules in action in living cells.
贝尔托西博士是斯坦福大学的化学家和教授。她能够将这种反应应用于活生物体内的生物分子，这些生物分子通常存在于细胞表面，而不影响她所观察的细胞的化学特性。在她对糖链进行广泛研究之前，因为无法看到活细胞中活动的分子，科学家们对糖生物学（glycobiology）这一子领域的认识一直受限。
biomolecule
biomolecule /ˌbaɪ.əʊˈmɒl.ɪ.kjuːl/ 表示“生物分子”，英文解释为“a type of molecule (= the simplest unit of a chemical substance) that is involved in the processes that keep an organism alive”
organism
表示“生物体；有机体；微生物”，英文解释为“a single living plant, animal, virus, etc.”举个🌰：
Amoebae and bacteria are single-celled organisms.
变形虫和细菌是单细胞生物。
hamper
表示“阻碍，妨碍”，英文解释为“to prevent someone doing something easily”举个🌰：
Fierce storms have been hampering rescue efforts.
猛烈的暴风雨妨碍了救援工作的进行。
🎬电影《降临》（Arrival）中的台词提到：Trying to answer this in any meaningful way is hampered by the fact that... 试图从任何有意义的角度来回答 都困难重重，
Her work “revolutionized the way we can analyze or see molecules in the living body,” Dr. Ramström said.
拉姆斯特伦博士说，她的工作“彻底改变了我们分析或观察活体分子的方式”。
revolutionize
表示“使发生革命性剧变；在…方面引起突破性变革”，英文解释为“to completely change something so that it is much better”举个🌰：
Newton's discoveries revolutionized physics.
牛顿的发现使物理学发生了革命性剧变。
By pioneering a method for mapping biomolecules on the surface of cells, Dr. Bertozzi later devised a way to build click reactions, or complex molecules, inside living organisms. These so-called bio-orthogonal reactions have since been applied widely to pharmaceutical developments in cancer, DNA sequencing and material sciences.
贝尔托西博士开创了一种绘制细胞表面生物分子图的方法，后来设计了一种在活生物体内部构建点击反应或复杂分子的方法。这些所谓的生物正交反应（bio-orthogonal reactions）后来被广泛应用于癌症药物研发、脱氧核糖核酸测序和材料科学。
devise
devise表示“想出，设计，发明（新的方法）”，英文解释为“to plan or invent a new way of doing something”，如：devise a plan/system/machine，举个🌰：
She devised a method for quicker communications between offices.
她想出一种加快办公室之间通信联络的方法。
区分：
📍revise1）表示“改变；修正，修改”，英文解释为“to change something because of new information or ideas”，如：revise the article/revise the plan；
2）表示“（考试）温习，复习”，英文解释为“to study facts again, in order to learn them before an examination”，举个🌰：
Revising for exams gives you a chance to bring together all the individual parts of the course.
考前复习给你一个把课程各独立部分融会贯通的机会。
pharmaceutical
pharmaceutical /ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkəl/ 作形容词，表示“制药的；配药的；卖药的”，英文解释为“connected with making and selling drugs and medicines”，如：pharmaceutical products 药物，pharmaceutical companies 制药公司，the pharmaceutical industry 制药业。
也可以直接作名词，常用复数，pharmaceuticals表示“药品，药物，药剂”，英文解释为“a medicine”。
“The field of click chemistry is still in its early phases,” Dr. Bertozzi said in a call after the announcement, adding that there were “many new reactions to be discovered and invented,” as well as new applications to be found in industries like biotech, and in treating and diagnosing illnesses.
“点击化学领域仍处于早期阶段，”贝尔托西博士在获奖后的电话中说，并补充说“有许多新的反应有待发现和发明”，以及在生物技术等行业和治疗及诊断疾病方面的新应用有待发现。
She emphasized the importance of click therapy in medicine and “drug delivery,” which involves “doing chemistry inside living patients to make sure drugs go to the right place and not to the wrong place.”
她强调了点击疗法在医学和“药物输送”中的重要性，即“在活体患者体内进行化学反应，以确保药物到达正确的地方，而不是错误的地方。”
“These are areas that will be very strongly impacted by click chemistry, and they already have been,” said Dr. Bertozzi, who earned her Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1993.
1993年在加州大学伯克利分校获得无机化学博士学位的贝尔托西博士说：“这些领域将受到点击化学的强烈影响，而且已经受到了影响。”
inorganic chemistry
inorganic chemistry /ˌɪn.ɔː.ɡæn.ɪk ˈkem.ɪ.stri/ 表示“无机化学”，英文解释为“the scientific study of chemical substances that do not contain carbon”
The Nobel committee said in a statement that “click chemistry and bio-orthogonal reactions have taken chemistry into the era of functionalism,” adding that “this is bringing the greatest benefit to humankind.”
诺贝尔委员会在一份声明中表示，“点击化学和生物正交反应将化学带入了功能主义时代”，并补充道，“这给人类带来了最大的利益。”
functionalism
functionalism /ˈfʌŋk.ʃən.əl.ɪ.zəm/ 表示“功能主义”，英文解释为“the principle that the most important thing about an object such as a building is its use rather than what it looks like”
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