刚刚，2022年诺贝尔文学奖揭晓
The 2022 Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded to the French author Annie Ernaux “for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory.”
French writer Annie Ernaux awarded Nobel Prize in literature
From: AP NEWS
French author Annie Ernaux was awarded this year’s Nobel Prize in literature for “the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory,” the Swedish Academy said Thursday.
Ernaux, 82, started out writing autobiographical novels, but quickly abandoned fiction in favor of memoirs.
Her more than 20 books, most of them very short, chronicle events in her life and the lives of those around her. They present uncompromising portraits of sexual encounters, abortion, illness and the deaths of her parents.
Anders Olsson, chairman, Nobel Committee for literature, said Ernaux’s work was often “uncompromising and written in plain language, scraped clean.”
“She has achieved something admirable and enduring,” he told reporters after the announcement in Stockholm, Sweden.
Ernaux describes her style as “flat writing” (ecriture plate), a very objective view of the events she is describing, unshaped by florid description or overwhelming emotions.
In the book that made her name, “La Place” (A Man’s Place), about her relationship with her father, she writes: “No lyrical reminiscences, no triumphant displays of irony. This neutral writing style comes to me naturally.”
Her most critically acclaimed book was “The Years” (Les annees), published in 2008 and describing herself and wider French society from the end of World War II to the present day. Unlike in previous books, in “The Years,” Ernaux writes about herself in the third person, calling her character “she” rather than “I”. The book received numerous awards and honors.
Last year’s prize went to the Tanzanian-born, U.K.-based writer Abdulrazak Gurnah, whose novels explore the impact of migration on individuals and societies.
Gurnah was only the sixth Nobel literature laureate born in Africa, and the prize has long faced criticism that it is too focused on European and North American writers. It is also male-dominated, with just 16 women among its 118 laureates.
The prizes to Gurnah in 2021 and U.S. poet Louise Glück in 2020 helped the literature prize move on from years of controversy and scandal.
In 2018, the award was postponed after sex abuse allegations rocked the Swedish Academy and sparked an exodus of members. The academy revamped itself but faced more criticism for giving the 2019 literature award to Austria’s Peter Handke, who has been called an apologist for Serbian war crimes.
A week of Nobel Prize announcements kicked off Monday with Swedish scientist Svante Paabo receiving the award in medicine for unlocking secrets of Neanderthal DNA that provided key insights into our immune system.
Three scientists jointly won the prize in physics Tuesday. Frenchman Alain Aspect, American John F. Clauser and Austrian Anton Zeilinger had shown that tiny particles can retain a connection with each other even when separated, a phenomenon known as quantum entanglement, that can be used for specialized computing and to encrypt information.
The Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded Wednesday to Americans Carolyn R. Bertozzi and K. Barry Sharpless, and Danish scientist Morten Meldal for developing a way of “snapping molecules together” that can be used to explore cells, map DNA and design drugs that can target diseases such as cancer more precisely.
The 2022 Nobel Peace Prize will be announced on Friday and the economics award on Monday.
The prizes carry a cash award of 10 million Swedish kronor (nearly $900,000) and will be handed out on Dec. 10. The money comes from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, in 1895.
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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
French writer Annie Ernaux awarded Nobel Prize in literature
From: AP NEWS
French author Annie Ernaux was awarded this year’s Nobel Prize in literature for “the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory,” the Swedish Academy said Thursday.
周四，瑞典学院（Swedish Academy）官方宣布，法国作家安妮·埃尔诺（Annie Ernaux）因“她的勇气和敏锐性揭示了个人记忆的根源、隔阂和集体约束”而获得今年的诺贝尔文学奖。
clinical
clinical /ˈklɪn.ɪ.kəl/ 1）表示“门诊的，临床的”，英文解释为“used to refer to medical work or teaching that relates to the examination and treatment of ill people”如：clinical tests/training 临床试验/实习。
熟词僻义，表示“冷漠的；无动于衷的；无感情的”，英文解释为“expressing no emotion or feelings”举个🌰：
She seems to have a very clinical attitude towards her children.
她好像对子女们态度很冷漠。
3）表示“无特色的；冷冰冰的；朴素的”，英文解释为“showing no character and warmth”举个🌰：
We were going to paint our kitchen white, but we decided that would look too clinical.
我们打算把厨房漆成白色，可是又觉得那样会看起来太冷冰冰了。
acutiy
acuity /əˈkjuː.ə.ti/ 表示“（听力、视力、思维等的）灵敏度；敏锐”，英文解释为“the ability to hear, see, or think accurately and clearly”举个🌰：
Tiredness also affects visual acuity.
疲劳也会影响视敏度。
estrangement
表示“分居（期）；失和；疏远（期），分手（的一段时间）”，英文解释为“a period when you are estranged from someone, or the fact of being estranged”
restraint
restraint /rɪˈstreɪnt/ 1）表示“克制；平心静气；冷静”，英文解释为“calm and controlled behaviour”举个🌰：
He showed admirable restraint, and refused to be provoked.
他表现出极大的克制，面对挑衅泰然处之。
2）表示“阻止；抑制，遏制”，英文解释为“something that limits the freedom of someone or something, or that prevents something from growing or increasing”如：spending restraints 开支限制。
Ernaux, 82, started out writing autobiographical novels, but quickly abandoned fiction in favor of memoirs.
82岁的埃尔诺起初写的是自传体小说，但很快放弃了小说，转而写回忆录。
autobiographical
autobiographical /ˌɔː.təˌbaɪ.əˈɡræf.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“自传的；自传体的”，英文解释为“based on or involving the writer's own life”如：an autobiographical story/novel/poem 自传故事/小说/诗歌。
memoir
memoir /ˈmɛmwɑː/ 表示“（尤指名人的）回忆录；自传”，英文解释为“an account written by sb, especially sb famous, about their life and experiences”。
Her more than 20 books, most of them very short, chronicle events in her life and the lives of those around her. They present uncompromising portraits of sexual encounters, abortion, illness and the deaths of her parents.
她的20多本书，大部分都很短，记录了她生活中的事件和她周围人的生活。书中毫不避讳地描绘了性接触、堕胎、疾病和父母的离世。
chronicle
chronicle /ˈkrɒnɪkəl/ 1）作名词，表示“编年史；年代记；大事记”，英文解释为“a written record of historical events”。
2）作动词，表示“记述，记录（大事）；把…载入编年史；按发生时间顺序编写或播放”，英文解释为“To chronicle a series of events means to write about them or show them in broadcasts in the order in which they happened.”举个🌰：
The series chronicles the everyday adventures of a girl.
这部丛书按时间顺序记载了一位女生每天的奇遇。
uncompromising
abortion
表示“（通常指通过手术进行的）堕胎，人工流产”，英文解释为“If a woman has an abortion, she ends her pregnancy deliberately so that the baby is not born alive.”举个🌰：
He and his girlfriend had been going out together for a year when she had an abortion.
他的女友流产时，他和她已经交往了一年时间。
Anders Olsson, chairman, Nobel Committee for literature, said Ernaux’s work was often “uncompromising and written in plain language, scraped clean.”
诺贝尔文学奖委员会主席安德斯·奥尔森（Anders Olsson）说，埃尔诺的作品通常是“毫不妥协，平铺直叙，准确简练。”
“She has achieved something admirable and enduring,” he told reporters after the announcement in Stockholm, Sweden.
“她取得了令人钦佩和持久的成就，”他在瑞典斯德哥尔摩公布获奖者后告诉记者。
Ernaux describes her style as “flat writing” (ecriture plate), a very objective view of the events she is describing, unshaped by florid description or overwhelming emotions.
埃尔诺将她的风格描述为“平淡写作”（ecriture plate），一种对她所描述的事件的非常客观的看法，不受华丽词藻或强烈情感的影响。
objective
表示“客观的；就事论事的；不带个人感情的”，英文解释为“not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; considering only facts”如：an objective analysis / assessment 客观的分析/评价。
florid
florid /ˈflɒr.ɪd/ 表示“过分装饰的；花哨的”，英文解释为“with too much decoration or detail”如：a florid architectural style 华丽的建筑风格。
overwhelming
In the book that made her name, “La Place” (A Man’s Place), about her relationship with her father, she writes: “No lyrical reminiscences, no triumphant displays of irony. This neutral writing style comes to me naturally.”
在她成名作《La Place》关于她和父亲的关系一书中，她写道：“没有抒情的回忆，没有扬扬得意的讽刺表现。这种中性的写作风格自然而然地出现在我面前。”
lyrical
lyrical /ˈlɪr.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“抒情的”，英文解释为“expressing personal thoughts and feelings in a beautiful way”举个🌰：
The book contains lyrical descriptions of the author's childhood.
这本书里有对作者童年的抒情性描写。
reminiscence
reminiscence /ˌrem.ɪˈnɪs.əns/ 表示“追忆往事；追忆；怀旧”，英文解释为“the act of remembering events and experiences from the past”。
reminiscences 复数，特指“回忆录；想起的往事”，英文解释为“Your reminiscences are the experiences you remember from the past, often written in a book”举个🌰：
The novel contains endless reminiscences of/about the author's youth.
作者在这部小说中没完没了地叙述了对自己年轻时光的回忆。
triumphant
triumphant /traɪˈʌmfənt/ 表示“取得巨大成功的；欢欣鼓舞的；洋洋得意的”，英文解释为“having achieved a great victory (= winning a war or competition) or success, or feeling very happy and proud because of such an achievement”举个🌰：
It seemed as though the whole city had turned out for their team's triumphant homecoming.
几乎全城的人都出来欢迎自己的队伍凯旋归来。
irony
irony /ˈaɪ.rə.ni/ 表示“反语；讽刺；具有讽刺意味的情况；出乎意料的情况；令人啼笑皆非的事情”，英文解释为“a situation in which something which was intended to have a particular result has the opposite or a very different result”
neutral
neutral /ˈnuː.trəl/ 作形容词，表示“中立的，不偏不倚的”，英文解释为“not saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any of the groups involved in an argument or war”举个🌰：
It's important that I remain neutral.
我保持中立是很重要的。
作名词，表示“中立者”，英文解释为“a neutral person or thing”举个🌰：
Sweden and Switzerland were neutrals during the war.
在战争期间，瑞典和瑞士是中立国。
Her most critically acclaimed book was “The Years” (Les annees), published in 2008 and describing herself and wider French society from the end of World War II to the present day. Unlike in previous books, in “The Years,” Ernaux writes about herself in the third person, calling her character “she” rather than “I”. The book received numerous awards and honors.
她最受好评的书是2008年出版的《悠悠岁月》（Les années），书中描绘了她自己以及从二战结束到现在的整个法国社会。与以前的书不同，在《悠悠岁月》一书中，埃尔诺用第三人称描绘者自己，称自己的角色为“她”，而不是“我”。这本书获得了无数奖项和荣誉。
acclaimed
表示“备受推崇的，广受欢迎的”，英文解释为“publicly praised by a lot of people”举个🌰：
His work was critically acclaimed（=praised by people who are paid to give their opinion on art, music etc）.
他的作品备受评论家推崇。
the third person
表示“（动词或代词的）第三人称”，英文解释为“the form of a verb or pronoun that is used about another person you are speaking about or writing about”
Last year’s prize went to the Tanzanian-born, U.K.-based writer Abdulrazak Gurnah, whose novels explore the impact of migration on individuals and societies.
去年的奖项颁给了坦桑尼亚（Tanzanian）出生的英国作家阿卜杜勒拉扎克·古尔纳（Abdulrazak Gurnah），他的小说探索了移民对个人和社会的影响。
Gurnah was only the sixth Nobel literature laureate born in Africa, and the prize has long faced criticism that it is too focused on European and North American writers. It is also male-dominated, with just 16 women among its 118 laureates.
古尔纳是第六位出生在非洲的诺贝尔文学奖得主。长期以来，诺贝尔文学奖一直受到批评，认为它过于关注欧洲和北美作家。该奖项也是男性获奖为主，118名获奖者中只有16名女性。
laureate
The prizes to Gurnah in 2021 and U.S. poet Louise Glück in 2020 helped the literature prize move on from years of controversy and scandal.
2021年古尔纳获奖和2020年美国诗人路易丝·格吕克（Louise Glück）获奖有助于该奖项摆脱多年的争议和丑闻。
controversy
表示“争议；争论；争辩”，英文解释为“a lot of disagreement or argument about something, usually because it affects or is important to many people”举个🌰：
There was a big controversy surrounding/over the use of drugs in athletics.
体育界对使用违禁药物争议很大。
In 2018, the award was postponed after sex abuse allegations rocked the Swedish Academy and sparked an exodus of members. The academy revamped itself but faced more criticism for giving the 2019 literature award to Austria’s Peter Handke, who has been called an apologist for Serbian war crimes.
2018年，诺贝尔文学奖被推迟，原因是性侵指控让整个瑞典学院感到震惊，并引发了成员的大批流失。该学院进行了自我整顿，但因将2019年文学奖授予奥地利的彼得·汉德克（Peter Handke）而面临更多批评，后者被称为塞尔维亚战争罪行的辩护人。
postpone
表示“推迟，延缓，使延期”，英文解释为“If you postpone an event, you delay it or arrange for it to take place at a later time than was originally planned.”举个🌰：
He decided to postpone the expedition until the following day.
他决定将探险活动推迟到第二天。
📍路透社（Reuters）在报道上海高考延期、杭州亚运会延期时标题就都用的是Postpone.
rock
作动词，表示“惊吓；使震惊；使害怕；使剧烈震动；使猛烈摇动”，英文解释为“to shock sb/sth very much or make them afraid”举个🌰：
The news rocked the world.
这则消息震惊了全世界。
spark
表示“引发”，英文解释为“If one thing sparks another, the first thing cause the second thing to start happening.”举个🌰：
My teacher organized a unit on computer science that really sparked my interest.
我的老师编排了一个关于计算机科学的单元，它真正激发了我的兴趣。
此前，《后浪》和「青年」一文的标题中就用到：Bilibili's May 4th Youth Day video sparks discussion on social media 引发热议。
类似的还有：
📍stir表示“激发，激起（强烈的感情）；引起（强烈的反应）”，英文解释为“to make someone have a strong feeling or reaction”，举个🌰：
The poem succeeds in stirring the imagination.
这首诗能够激发起想象力。
📍provoke也表示“激起，引起”，英文解释为“to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one”，如：provoke debate/discussion 激起辩论/讨论。
📍spur 鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：
It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats.
是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。
🎬电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：To spur the clans to war. 激励部族发起战争。
exodus
exodus /ˈek.sə.dəs/ 1）表示“（大批人的）退出，离开”，英文解释为“the movement of a lot of people from a place”举个🌰：
There has been a mass exodus of workers from the villages to the towns.
一直有大量工人源源不断从农村涌入城市。
2）Exodus大写时表示“《出埃及记》（基督教《圣经‧旧约》第二卷，记载摩西率领以色列人离开埃及之事）”，英文解释为“the second book of the Bible telling of Moses and the journey of the Israelites out of Egypt”
revamp
表示“改变；修改；（通常指）改进外观，翻新”，英文解释为“to make changes to the form of sth, usually to improve its appearance”举个🌰：
We revamped the management system, but the business is doing no better than it was before.
我们对管理制度作了彻底改进，但是经营业绩并不比从前好。
🎬电影《鬼寓143》（Apartment 143）中的台词提到：We revamped the entire electrical system. 我们改造了整个电气系统。
apologist
apologist /əˈpɒl.ə.dʒɪst/ 表示“（尤指不受欢迎的信仰或制度的）辩护者，辩解者”，英文解释为“a person who supports a particular belief or political system, especially an unpopular one, and speaks or writes in defence of it”。
A week of Nobel Prize announcements kicked off Monday with Swedish scientist Svante Paabo receiving the award in medicine for unlocking secrets of Neanderthal DNA that provided key insights into our immune system.
周一，为期一周的诺贝尔奖宣布拉开帷幕，瑞典科学家斯万特·帕博（Svante Paabo）因解开尼安德特人（Neanderthal）基因的秘密而获得医学奖，尼安德特人基因为我们的免疫系统带来了重要启发。
kick off
表示“开始（事件、比赛等）”，英文解释为“If an event, game, series, or discussion kicks off, or is kicked off, it begins.”举个🌰：
The shows kick off on October 6th.
展览从10月6日开始。
unlock the mystery/secret of sth
unlock the mystery/secret of sth表示“解开…之谜；发现…的秘密”，英文解释为“to discover important new facts about something”举个🌰：
A chemical has been discovered that may be the key to unlocking the mysteries of Parkinson's disease.
已发现一种化学物质，这可能是解开帕金森氏病之谜的钥匙。
immune
Three scientists jointly won the prize in physics Tuesday. Frenchman Alain Aspect, American John F. Clauser and Austrian Anton Zeilinger had shown that tiny particles can retain a connection with each other even when separated, a phenomenon known as quantum entanglement, that can be used for specialized computing and to encrypt information.
周二，三名科学家共同获得了物理学奖。法国的阿兰·阿斯佩（Alain Aspect）、美国的约翰·克劳泽（John Clauser）、奥地利的安东·塞林格（Anton Zeilinger）证明，微小粒子即使分离也能保持彼此之间的联系，这种现象被称为量子纠缠（quantum entanglement），可用于专业计算和加密信息。
particle
电子是原子粒子。
retain
retain /rɪˈteɪn/ 表示“保持；保留；保有”，英文解释为“to keep or continue to have something”举个🌰：
She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.
她被打败了，失去了继续掌管公司的权力。
quantum
quantum /ˈkwɒn.təm/ 表示“量子”，英文解释为“the smallest amount or unit of something, especially energy”如：quantum theory 量子理论。
entanglement
表示“纠缠；纠葛；牵连”，英文解释为“a situation or relationship that you are involved in and that is difficult to escape from”。
encrypt
encrypt /ɪnˈkrɪpt/ 表示“将…译成密码；把…编码；把…加密”，英文解释为“to change electronic information or signals into a secret code (= system of letters, numbers, or symbols) that people cannot understand or use on normal equipment”举个🌰：
Your financial information is fully encrypted and cannot be accessed.
有关你财务状况的信息已被完全加密，别人无法看到。
The Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded Wednesday to Americans Carolyn R. Bertozzi and K. Barry Sharpless, and Danish scientist Morten Meldal for developing a way of “snapping molecules together” that can be used to explore cells, map DNA and design drugs that can target diseases such as cancer more precisely.
周三，诺贝尔化学奖授予了美国的卡罗琳·贝尔托西（Carolyn R. Bertozzi）和卡尔·巴里·夏普利斯（K. Barry Sharpless）、以及丹麦科学家摩顿·梅尔达尔（Morten P. Meldal），因其开发了一种“将分子断裂后耦合在一起”的方法，这种方法可以用来探索细胞、绘制DNA，并设计出更精确地应对癌症等疾病的药物。
snap
1）表示“突然折断，咔嚓一声折断”，英文解释为“to cause something that is thin to break suddenly and quickly with a cracking sound”举个🌰：
Some vandal's snapped off my car aerial again.
2）表示“拍照；摄影”，英文解释为“(informal) to take a photograph”举个🌰：
A passing tourist snapped the incident.
一个过路的游客把这件事拍了下来。
molecule
The 2022 Nobel Peace Prize will be announced on Friday and the economics award on Monday.
2022年诺贝尔和平奖将于周五公布，经济学奖将于周一公布。
The prizes carry a cash award of 10 million Swedish kronor (nearly $900,000) and will be handed out on Dec. 10. The money comes from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, in 1895.
诺贝尔奖奖金为1000万瑞典克朗（近90万美元），将于12月10日颁发。这笔钱来自该奖项的创建者、瑞典发明家阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔（Alfred Nobel）1895年留下的遗产。
bequest
表示“遗赠，遗产”，英文解释为“the money or property belonging to someone that they say that, after their death, they wish to be given to other people”。
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