吃辣对身体究竟会有什么影响
今天，#吃辣对身体究竟会有什么影响#的话题在微博上引发热议。
🤔️小作业：
无注释原文：
Ugly Dangers of Eating Spicy Foods, According to Science
From: Eat This, Not That!
March 29, 2022
Adding some kick to your food can be really healthy. But here are some notable risks.
A little bit of peppery spice can be a healthy eater's best friend. Want to add some much-needed flavor to any nutritious but otherwise bland and tasteless foods? Simply add a dash of tabasco or sriracha, and—voila!—you've instantly made your meal more palatable without piling on the calories. (Just don't overdo it, as hot sauces contain plenty of sodium.)
But that's not the only benefit of adding some kick to your diet. Spicy foods can help with weight loss, heart disease, even depression. According to a study published in the British Medical Journal, people who ate spicy foods six to seven days per week "showed a 14% relative risk reduction in total mortality." In other words, a diet with some capsaicin, the chemical in peppers that provides that burn you know and love, can even prolong your life.
However, spicy foods aren't for everyone. And if you're dousing your food in too much hot sauce—or you're eating entirely too many meals that are ultra-high in spice levels—you could be damaging your body as well. Read on for some of the uglier health dangers of eating spicy foods.
1. They can have a laxative effect.
It's simply a fact that eating spicy foods is one of the most common culprits behind an upset stomach and diarrhea. According to one scientific study, capsaicin consumed in abundance can irritate the lining of your stomach after you eat it. The resulting symptoms of too much capsaicin, according to the folks at Healthline, include "nausea," "vomiting," "abdominal pain," and "burning diarrhea." So, if you're finding that you're overly sensitive to spicy foods, it'd be a good idea to cut them out.
2. They can cause acne and eczema.
"Spicy foods may cause people to break out," Rebecca Tung, MD, a Florida-based dermatologist, told Allure. "When spicy food creates inflammation in the gut—from an upset stomach, acid reflux, or other symptoms—sometimes this inflammation can also be seen on the skin with flushing, acne breakout, or even eczema. If a particular food might be the culprit, dermatologists may suggest a person keep a food diary to pinpoint the offender."
3. They can cause insomnia.
If you love a meal rich in spice, you may wish to confine it to lunch. "Spicy and acidic foods can kill sleep efforts because they cause heartburn," say the health experts over at WebMD. "Heartburn is especially problematic for people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux."
According to many leading health experts, eating spicy foods closer to your bedtime isn't advised because lying down can actually exacerbate the discomfort you feel.
4. They can affect your voice.
According to the health experts at The Mayo Clinic, eating too many spicy foods is one of the things that can irritate your throat. If you're someone who suffers from acid reflux—something commonly brought on by the consumption of spicy foods—it can lead to not only vomiting but also to soreness, swelling, and "a hoarse, muffled voice."
5. They can lead to blisters and rashes.
According to Barry Green, Ph.D., of the John B. Pierce Laboratory in New Haven, Conn, simply touching some spicy foods can potentially have health risks. "Spicy foods excite the receptors in the skin that normally respond to heat," he explained to Scientific American. "Those receptors are pain fibers, technically known as polymodal nociceptors. They respond to temperature extremes and to intense mechanical stimulation, such as pinching and cutting; they also respond to certain chemical influences. The central nervous system can be confused or fooled when these pain fibers are stimulated by a chemical, like that in chili peppers, which triggers an ambiguous neural response."
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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Ugly Dangers of Eating Spicy Foods, According to Science
From: Eat This, Not That!
March 29, 2022
Adding some kick to your food can be really healthy. But here are some notable risks.
在你的食物中加点辣确实是健康的。但这里有一些明显的风险。
kick
熟词僻义，作名词，1）表示“极度的快感（或刺激）；极大的乐趣”，英文解释为“a strong feeling of excitement and pleasure”举个🌰：
I get a real kick out of winning a race.
我从赢得比赛中获得极大的乐趣。
2）表示“（毒品或酒精的）效力，刺激性”，英文解释为“the strong effect of an alcoholic drink”举个🌰：
This drink has quite a kick.
这酒的劲相当大。
notable
表示“显要的；显著的；值得注意的”，英文解释为“important and deserving attention, because of being very good or interesting”如：a notable collection of rare plants 一批引人注目的奇花异草。
A little bit of peppery spice can be a healthy eater's best friend. Want to add some much-needed flavor to any nutritious but otherwise bland and tasteless foods? Simply add a dash of tabasco or sriracha, and—voila!—you've instantly made your meal more palatable without piling on the calories. (Just don't overdo it, as hot sauces contain plenty of sodium.)
一点点辛辣的香料会成为健康饮食者的最佳伴侣。想给任何有营养但平淡无味的食物添加一些急需的味道吗？只需添加少量塔巴斯科辣酱（tabasco）或是拉差辣酱（sriracha），然后——瞧！——立刻让饭菜变得更可口，而不会增加卡路里。（只是不要过量，因为辣酱含有大量钠。）
peppery
peppery /ˈpep.ər.i/ 表示“胡椒味的；辣的”，英文解释为“having a spicy flavour like pepper”举个🌰：
This salad has a sharp peppery flavour.
这色拉有股很浓的胡椒味。
spice
1）表示“（调味）香料”，英文解释为“a substance made from a plant, used to give a special flavour to food”。
2）spice /spaɪs/ 表示“调剂品；额外的刺激（或趣味）”，英文解释为“something that makes something else more exciting and interesting”举个🌰：
A scandal or two adds a little spice to office life.
一两条丑闻为办公室生活平添了一点乐趣。
flavor
美式 flavor 英式 flavour /ˈfleɪ.vər/ 表示“（食物或饮料的）风味；（某种）味道”，英文解释为“how food or drink tastes, or a particular taste itself”举个🌰：
Add a little salt to bring out the flavour of the herbs.
加一点儿盐使芳草的味道更鲜美。
nutritious
nutritious /njuːˈtrɪʃ.əs/ 表示“营养丰富的，营养价值高的”，英文解释为“containing many of the substances needed for life and growth”如：a nutritious diet 营养丰富的饮食。
bland
bland /blænd/ 表示“无滋味的；枯燥乏味的；没精打采的，无生气的”，英文解释为“not having a strong taste or character or not showing any interest or energy”举个🌰：
I find chicken a little bland.
我觉得鸡肉有点淡。
dash
a dash 表示“（尤指添加的流质食品）少量，少许”，英文解释为“a small amount of something, especially liquid food, that is added to something else”举个🌰：
Add some butter and a dash of salt.
加一些黄油和一丁点盐。
voilà
voilà /ˌvwɑːˈlɑː/ 表示“（用于展示得意之作等）瞧，那就是”，英文解释为“used when showing to other people something that you have just made or got and are pleased with”
palatable
palatable /ˈpælətəbəl/ 表示“美味的，可口的”，英文解释为“Palatable food or drink has a pleasant taste.”如：a very palatable wine 美酒。
pile sth on
表示“使迅速增加；猛增”，英文解释为“to make sth increase rapidly”举个🌰：
The team piled on the points in the first half of the game.
球队在上半场连连得分。
I've been piling on the pounds (= I have put on weight) recently.
我最近体重猛增。
sauce
sauce /sɔːs/作名词，可以指“调味汁；酱”（a thick liquid eaten with food to add flavour），本身也有“讨厌的话（或举动）；无礼的话（或举动）”的含义（talk or behaviour that is annoying or lacking in respect）。
sodium
sodium /ˈsəʊ.di.əm/ 表示“钠”，英文解释为“a soft, silver-white chemical element that is found in salt”
But that's not the only benefit of adding some kick to your diet. Spicy foods can help with weight loss, heart disease, even depression. According to a study published in the British Medical Journal, people who ate spicy foods six to seven days per week "showed a 14% relative risk reduction in total mortality." In other words, a diet with some capsaicin, the chemical in peppers that provides that burn you know and love, can even prolong your life.
但这并不是在饮食中加点辣的唯一好处。辛辣食物对于减肥、心脏病，甚至抑郁症都有帮助。根据发表在《英国医学杂志》（British Medical Journal）上的一项研究，每周6到7天吃辛辣食物的人“总死亡率相对降低了14%。”换句话说，含有辣椒素的饮食甚至可以延长你的寿命。辣椒素是辣椒中的化学物质，会带来你所知道和喜爱的灼烧感。
mortality
mortality /mɔːˈtælɪtɪ/ 表示“死亡数量；死亡率”，英文解释为“the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time”。
区分：
📍morbidity /mɔːˈbɪdɪtɪ/ 表示“发病（率）”，英文解释为“the morbidity of a disease is how many people have it in a particular population”。
capsaicin
capsaicin /kæpˈseɪsɪn/ 表示“辣椒素，辣椒碱”，英文解释为“the substance in chillis (= small hot-tasting peppers) that gives them their hot taste”。
prolong
prolong /prəˈlɒŋ/ 表示“延长，拖延”，英文解释为“to make something last a longer time”举个🌰：
We were having such a good time that we decided to prolong our stay by another week.
我们过得非常愉快，决定再多呆一个星期。
However, spicy foods aren't for everyone. And if you're dousing your food in too much hot sauce—or you're eating entirely too many meals that are ultra-high in spice levels—you could be damaging your body as well. Read on for some of the uglier health dangers of eating spicy foods.
然而，辛辣食物并不适合所有人。如果你在食物中浇了太多辣酱——或者你吃了太多超高辣度的食物——那么你也可能在损害自己的身体。继续阅读，了解吃辛辣食物对健康的一些更可怕的危害。
douse
douse /daʊs/ 表示“向…泼液体，朝…洒液体”，英文解释为“to make something or someone wet by throwing a lot of liquid over it, him, or her”
1. They can have a laxative effect. 它们有泻药作用。
It's simply a fact that eating spicy foods is one of the most common culprits behind an upset stomach and diarrhea. According to one scientific study, capsaicin consumed in abundance can irritate the lining of your stomach after you eat it. The resulting symptoms of too much capsaicin, according to the folks at Healthline, include "nausea," "vomiting," "abdominal pain," and "burning diarrhea." So, if you're finding that you're overly sensitive to spicy foods, it'd be a good idea to cut them out.
事实上，吃辛辣食物是胃部不适和腹泻背后最常见的罪魁祸首之一。根据一项科学研究，大量摄入辣椒素会在你食用后刺激你的胃黏膜。据Healthline的人说，过多辣椒素会导致“恶心”、“呕吐”、“腹痛”和“灼热性腹泻”等症状。因此，如果你发现你对辛辣食物过于敏感，那么戒掉它们是个好主意。
laxative
laxative /ˈlæk.sə.tɪv/ 表示“泻药，通便剂；通便的”，英文解释为“a substance that makes it easier for the waste from someone's bowels to come out”
culprit
1）表示“罪犯；造成破坏（问题）的人；过失者；责任人”，英文解释为“the person who is guilty of a crime or doing something wrong”；
2）表示“问题的起因；罪魁祸首”，英文解释为“a fact or situation that is the reason for something bad happening”举个🌰：
Children in this country are getting much too fat, and sugar and sweets are the main culprits.
该国儿童过于肥胖，糖和甜食是罪魁祸首。
diarrhea
diarrhea /ˌdaɪəˈrɪə/ = diarrhoea /ˌdaɪ.əˈriː.ə/ 表示“腹泻”，英文解释为“an illness in which the body's solid waste is more liquid than usual and comes out of the body more often”如：diarrhoea and sickness 腹泻恶心。
irritate
1）表示“激怒”，英文解释为“If something irritates you, it keeps annoying you.”举个🌰：
Their attitude irritates me.
他们的态度激怒了我。
2）表示“使发炎；使疼痛”，英文解释为“to make a part of your body sore or painful”举个🌰：
At first my contact lenses irritated my eyes.
起初一戴上隐形眼镜，我的眼睛就疼。
lining
lining /ˈlaɪnɪŋ/ 1）表示“衬层；内衬；衬里”，英文解释为“a layer of material used to cover the inside surface of sth”如：a pair of leather gloves with fur linings 一双毛皮衬里的皮手套。
2）表示“（胃等器官内部的）保护层”，英文解释为“The lining of your stomach or other organ is a layer of tissue on the inside of it.”如：a bacterium that attacks the lining of the stomach 一种侵袭胃粘膜的细菌。
symptom
表示“（疾病的）症状”，英文解释为“any feeling of illness or physical or mental change that is caused by a particular disease”举个🌰：
He's complaining of all the usual flu symptoms - a high temperature, headache, and so on.
他说他出现了所有常见的感冒症状——高烧、头痛等。
nausea
nausea /ˈnɔːzɪə, -sɪə/ 表示“恶心，呕吐感”，英文解释为“”举个🌰：the feeling that you have when you think you are going to vomit (= bring food up from your stomach through your mouth)
类似的：
📍sickness表示“恶心；呕吐”，英文解释为“the feeling that you are about to bring up food from your stomach, or the act of bringing food up”。
vomit
vomit /ˈvɒm.ɪt/ 表示“呕吐”，英文解释为“to empty the contents of the stomach through the mouth”举个🌰：
He came home drunk and vomited all over the kitchen floor.
他醉醺醺地回到家里，在厨房里吐了一地。
abdominal
abdominal /æbˈdɒmɪnəl/ 表示“腹部的”，英文解释为“Abdominal is used to describe something that is situated in the abdomen or forms part of it.”
cut sth out
表示“（通常指为改善健康而）停止食用（或饮用），戒除”，英文解释为“to stop eating or drinking something, usually to improve your health”举个🌰：
Since my heart attack, I've cut fatty foods out altogether.
自从得了心脏病，我就彻底不吃油腻的东西了。
2. They can cause acne and eczema. 它们会导致痤疮和湿疹。
"Spicy foods may cause people to break out," Rebecca Tung, MD, a Florida-based dermatologist, told Allure. "When spicy food creates inflammation in the gut—from an upset stomach, acid reflux, or other symptoms—sometimes this inflammation can also be seen on the skin with flushing, acne breakout, or even eczema. If a particular food might be the culprit, dermatologists may suggest a person keep a food diary to pinpoint the offender."
“辛辣食物可能会导致人们出疹子，”佛罗里达州皮肤科医生、医学博士丽贝卡·董（Rebecca Tung）告诉《Allure》杂志。“当辛辣食物在肠道产生炎症时——来自胃部不适、胃酸反流或其他症状——有时这种炎症也会出现在皮肤上，伴有潮红、痤疮爆发，甚至湿疹。如果某种特定的食物可能是罪魁祸首，那么皮肤科医生可能会建议患者写食物日记来确定到底是哪种食物导致的。”
acne
acne /ˈæknɪ/ 不可数名词，表示“痤疮；粉刺”，英文解释为“a skin condition, common among young people, that produces many pimples (= spots), especially on the face and neck”。
eczema
eczema /ˈɛksɪmə, ɪˈgziː-/ 表示“湿疹”，英文解释为“Eczema is a skin condition that makes your skin itch and become sore, rough, and broken.”
dermatologist
dermatologist /ˌdɜːməˈtɒlədʒɪst/ 表示“皮肤病学家”，英文解释为“A dermatologist is a doctor who specializes in the study of skin and the treatment of skin conditions and diseases.”
inflammation
表示“发炎；炎症”，英文解释为“An inflammation is a painful redness or swelling of a part of your body that results from an infection, injury, or illness.”
gut
acid reflux
acid reflux /ˌæs.ɪd ˈriː.flʌks/ 表示“酸逆流”，英文解释为“a condition in which stomach acid comes up from the stomach to the oesophagus and causes damage to the lining of the gastrointestinal tract”举个🌰：
Mild cases of heartburn and acid reflux can be treated by simple lifestyle changes.
心口灼热和酸水倒流这些症状在不严重的时候都可以通过改变生活方式缓解。
flush
flush /flʌʃ/ 作动词，表示“发红；脸红”，英文解释为“When you flush, you become red in the face, especially as a result of strong emotions, heat, or alcohol.”举个🌰：
She flushed with pleasure as she accepted the prize.
她领奖时高兴得红光满面。
作形容词，表示“有钱的，富有的”，英文解释为“having a lot of money”举个🌰：
I've just been paid so I'm feeling flush.
我刚领了薪水，所以感觉挺有钱的。
pinpoint
表示“查明，准确地说出，描述（事实真相）”，英文解释为“to discover or explain exactly the real facts about something or the cause of a problem”举个🌰：
It’s difficult to pinpoint the cause of the accident.
事故原因很难查明。
offender
表示“犯罪者；违法者；罪犯”，英文解释为“An offender is a person who has committed a crime.” 还可以指“制造麻烦者; 造成麻烦之物”（a person or thing that does sth wrong）
3. They can cause insomnia. 它们会导致失眠。
If you love a meal rich in spice, you may wish to confine it to lunch. "Spicy and acidic foods can kill sleep efforts because they cause heartburn," say the health experts over at WebMD. "Heartburn is especially problematic for people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux."
如果你喜欢富含辣味的食物，你最好控制在午餐时食用。“辛辣和酸性食物会扼杀睡意，因为它们会引起胃灼热，”WebMD的健康专家说。“胃灼热对患有胃食管反流病（GERD）的人来说尤其成问题，胃食管反流病也称为胃酸反流。”
insomnia
confine
confine /kənˈfaɪn/ 表示“把…局限在，限制”，英文解释为“to limit an activity, person, or problem in some way”举个🌰：
Let's confine our discussion to the matter in question, please!
请把讨论集中在正题上！
acidic
acidic /əˈsɪd.ɪk/ 1）表示“酸性的”，英文解释为“containing acid”如：acidic soil 酸性土壤；
2）表示“很酸的”，英文解释为“very sour”如：a slightly acidic taste 微酸的味道。
heartburn
heartburn /ˈhɑːt.bɜːn/ 表示“（消化不良引起的）胃灼热，烧心”，英文解释为“a painful burning feeling in the lower chest caused by the stomach not digesting food correctly”
According to many leading health experts, eating spicy foods closer to your bedtime isn't advised because lying down can actually exacerbate the discomfort you feel.
根据许多顶尖健康专家的说法，不建议在睡前吃辛辣的食物，因为躺下实际上会加剧你的不适感。
exacerbate
exacerbate /ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/ 表示“使恶化；使加重”，英文解释为“to make a bad situation worse”举个🌰：
She didn't want to exacerbate the situation.
她不想使情况变得更糟。
🎬电影《僵尸肖恩》（Shaun of the Dead）中的台词提到：And that will exacerbate things for all of us. 那会使我们事情恶化的。
4. They can affect your voice. 它们会影响你的声音。
According to the health experts at The Mayo Clinic, eating too many spicy foods is one of the things that can irritate your throat. If you're someone who suffers from acid reflux—something commonly brought on by the consumption of spicy foods—it can lead to not only vomiting but also to soreness, swelling, and "a hoarse, muffled voice."
根据妙佑医疗国际（The Mayo Clinic）健康专家的说法，刺激喉咙的原因之一就是吃太多辛辣食物。如果你患有胃酸反流——这通常是由吃辛辣食物引起的——它不仅会导致呕吐，还会导致酸痛、肿胀且“声音嘶哑、沉闷”。
soreness
soreness /ˈsɔː.nəs/ 表示“（因受伤、感染或使用过多而）疼痛”，英文解释为“pain because of injury, infection, or too much use”举个🌰：
She was complaining of terrible stiffness and soreness in her neck and shoulders.
她抱怨说脖子和肩膀非常僵硬和酸痛。
swelling
swell本身作动词，表示“使增大; 增大；肿胀，肿，膨胀”，英文解释为“to become larger and rounder than usual; to (cause to) increase in size or amount”举个🌰：
Last year's profits were swelled by a fall in production costs.
去年因生产成本下降，利润有所增加。
hoarse
hoarse /hɔːs/ 表示“（嗓音）嘶哑的”，英文解释为“(of a voice or a person) having a rough voice, often because of a sore throat or a cold”如：a hoarse voice 嘶哑的嗓音。
muffled
muffled /ˈmʌf.əld/ 表示“（声音）变轻微（或低沉）”，英文解释为“A muffled sound is quiet or not clear.”举个🌰：
I could hear muffled voices next door but couldn't make out any words.
我听到隔壁有人压低声音说话，可听不清说什么。
5. They can lead to blisters and rashes. 它们会导致水疱和皮疹。
According to Barry Green, Ph.D., of the John B. Pierce Laboratory in New Haven, Conn, simply touching some spicy foods can potentially have health risks. "Spicy foods excite the receptors in the skin that normally respond to heat," he explained to Scientific American. "Those receptors are pain fibers, technically known as polymodal nociceptors. They respond to temperature extremes and to intense mechanical stimulation, such as pinching and cutting; they also respond to certain chemical influences. The central nervous system can be confused or fooled when these pain fibers are stimulated by a chemical, like that in chili peppers, which triggers an ambiguous neural response."
康涅狄格州纽黑文市约翰·皮尔斯实验室的巴里·格林（Barry Green）博士说，仅仅触摸一些辛辣的食物就可能带来健康风险。“辛辣的食物会刺激皮肤中通常对热有反应的受体，”他向《科学美国人》（Scientific American）解释道。“这些受体是疼痛纤维，学术上称为多模态伤害感受器（polymodal nociceptors）。它们对极端温度和强烈的机械刺激有反应，比如捏和切；它们也对某些化学影响有反应。当这些疼痛纤维被某种化学物质刺激时，比如辣椒中的化学物质，中枢神经系统可能会被混淆或愚弄，它会触发一种模糊的神经反应。”
blister
blister /ˈblɪs.tər/ 表示“（皮肤通常因摩擦或烫伤而起的）水疱”，英文解释为“a painful swelling on the skin that contains liquid, caused usually by continuous rubbing, especially on your foot, or by burning”举个🌰：
New shoes always give me blisters.
新鞋总会把我的脚磨出疱。
rash
1）作形容词，表示“轻率的”，英文解释为“If someone is rash or does rash things, they act without thinking carefully first, and therefore make mistakes or behave foolishly.”举个🌰：
It would be rash to rely on such evidence.
依靠这样的证据太轻率了。
2）作可数名词，表示“皮疹，疹子”，英文解释为“A rash is an area of red spots that appears on your skin when you are ill or have a bad reaction to something that you have eaten or touched.”
receptor
表示“感受器；受体”，英文解释为“a nerve ending which receives information about changes in light, heat etc and causes the body to react in particular ways”。
fiber
美式 fiber 英式 fibre /ˈfaɪ.bər/ 表示“（人体组织的）纤维”，英文解释为“one of various thread-like structures in the body, such as those found in muscle”如：muscle fibre(s) 肌肉纤维。
pinch
表示“捏，拧，掐，夹；捏住；夹紧”，英文解释为“to hold sth tightly between the thumb and finger or between two things that are pressed together”举个🌰：
Pinch the nostrils together between your thumb and finger to stop the bleeding.
用手指捏住鼻孔止血。
🎬电影《钢铁侠3》（Iron Man 3）中的台词提到：Now, pinch my arm. I can take it. Pinch me. 现在 掐我一下 我受得了 掐吧。
stimulate
trigger
1）作动词，除了表示“发动；引起；触发”，英文解释为“to make sth happen suddenly”举个🌰：
Nuts can trigger off a violent allergic reaction.
坚果可以引起严重的过敏反应。
2）作名词，表示“扳机”，英文解释为“The trigger of a gun is a small lever which you pull to fire it.”举个🌰：
A man pointed a gun at them and pulled the trigger.
一个男人用枪指着他们，扣动了扳机。
类似的还有：
📍stir表示“激发，激起（强烈的感情）；引起（强烈的反应）”，英文解释为“to make someone have a strong feeling or reaction”，举个🌰：
The poem succeeds in stirring the imagination.
这首诗能够激发起想象力。
📍provoke也表示“激起，引起”，英文解释为“to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one”，如：provoke debate/discussion 激起辩论/讨论。
📍spur 鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：
It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats.
是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。
🎬电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：To spur the clans to war. 激励部族发起战争。
ambiguous
ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/ 表示“含糊不清的；引起歧义的，模棱两可的；不明确的”，英文解释为“having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally”举个🌰：
Her reply to my question was somewhat ambiguous.
她对我的提问回答得有些含糊不清。
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LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2022年10月14日
第2806天
每天持续行动学外语